{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:28:32Z","timestamp":1790677712426,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P012728\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P012728\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Aker Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wallitt Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200181\/Z\/\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200181\/Z\/\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200181\/Z\/\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200181\/Z\/\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P012728\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P012728\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"UK Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabis use may be linked with anhedonia and apathy. However, previous studies have shown mixed results, and few have examined the association between cannabis use and specific reward sub-processes. Adolescents may be more vulnerable than adults to harmful effects of cannabis. This study investigated (1) the association between non-acute cannabis use and apathy, anhedonia, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making for reward; and (2) whether these relationships were moderated by age group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data from the \u201cCannTeen\u201d study. Participants were 274 adult (26\u201329 years) and adolescent (16\u201317 years) cannabis users (1\u20137 d\/wk use in the past 3 months) and gender- and age-matched controls. Anhedonia was measured with the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (n\u2009=\u2009274), and apathy was measured with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (n\u2009=\u2009215). Effort-based decision-making for reward was measured with the Physical Effort task (n\u2009=\u2009139), and subjective wanting and liking of rewards was measured with the novel Real Reward Pleasure task (n\u2009=\u2009137).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Controls had higher levels of anhedonia than cannabis users (F1,258\u2009=\u20095.35, P\u2009=\u2009.02, \u03b7\u200ap2\u2009=\u2009.02). There were no other significant effects of user-group and no significant user-group*age-group interactions. Null findings were supported by post hoc Bayesian analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results suggest that cannabis use at a frequency of 3 to 4 d\/wk is not associated with apathy, effort-based decision-making for reward, reward wanting, or reward liking in adults or adolescents. Cannabis users had lower anhedonia than controls, albeit at a small effect size. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that non-acute cannabis use is associated with amotivation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T01:08:11Z","timestamp":1661303291000},"page":"9-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anhedonia, Apathy, Pleasure, and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Adult and Adolescent Cannabis Users and Controls"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Skumlien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"},{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , 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and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath , Bath , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Borissova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kat","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath , Bath , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Giugliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Clisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christelle","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"},{"name":"Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J","family":"Sahakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"},{"name":"Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Valerie","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health Psychology Department, University College London , London , 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