{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1790999196730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Negative symptoms of schizophrenia represent an unmet therapeutic need for many patients in whom pentoxifylline may be effective in terms of its dopaminergic, anti-inflammatory, and cerebral blood flow\u2013increasing properties. This study aimed to evaluate pentoxifylline as a therapeutic agent for improving negative symptoms of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic schizophrenia outpatients experiencing significant negative symptoms were randomly allocated to receive pentoxifylline 400\u00a0mg or matched placebo every 12 hours for 8 weeks. All patients were clinically stable as they had received risperidone for at least 2 months, which was continued. The participants were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, and side effect checklist.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The patients\u2019 baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. There was a significant time\u2013treatment interaction effect on PANSS negative subscale scores (\u03b7P2=0.075), with the pentoxifylline group showing significantly greater reductions until weeks 4 (Cohen d = 0.512) and 8 (Cohen d = 0.622). Also, this group showed a significantly better response by week 8. Other PANSS scores, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale scores, and side effect frequencies were comparable between the groups. Pentoxifylline showed a nonsignificant higher remission of 37.1% compared with 14.7% in the placebo group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pentoxifylline was safely and tolerably beneficial for the primary negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T05:14:43Z","timestamp":1735017283000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pentoxifylline adjunct to risperidone for negative symptoms of stable schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shamabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 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