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A secondary objective is to investigate differences on test performance across varying levels of disorder severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included patients with unmedicated ADHD (U-ADHD) (n\u2009=\u200952), patients with ADHD treated with psychostimulants (n\u2009=\u200940), and controls (n\u2009=\u200980). A multimodal set of motor and cognitive tests was administered to evaluate cerebellar and motor functions, attention and processing speed, executive functions, visuospatial perception, and visuospatial abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both patient groups performed significantly worse than controls across all functions. No significant performance differences were observed between the medicated and U-ADHD groups when disorder severity was not considered. However, some differences emerged when stratified by disorder severity. Patients with moderate to severe U-ADHD showed more impairments in sensorimotor functions compared to the medicated ADHD (M-ADHD), while those with mild U-ADHD displayed lower scores on visuospatial perception compared to M-ADHD. Regression analysis indicated that education, anxiety, and sleep disturbances minimally affect test performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, psychostimulant medication did not show consistent overall differences in motor and cognitive performance among adults with ADHD. Importantly, when stratifying by disorder severity, some group-level differences emerged, underscoring the need to account for disorder severity in future research and clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyag013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:51:23Z","timestamp":1773838283000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychostimulant effects on motor and cognitive function in adults attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Cundari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University , Lund ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Unit of Neurology, Hospital of Helsingborg , Helsingborg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital 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