{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:26:19Z","timestamp":1792585579140,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001447","name":"EMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T16:26:13Z","timestamp":1548779173000},"page":"270-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["An Insight into Z-Drug Abuse and Dependence: An Examination of Reports to the European Medicines Agency Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0001","author":"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014457","article-title":"Misuse of zopiclone and convulsions during withdrawal","volume":"24","author":"Aranko","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014381","article-title":"Drugs for insomnia beyond benzodiazepines: pharmacology, clinical applications, and discovery","volume":"70","author":"Atkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0004","first-page":"146","article-title":"Physical dependence on zopiclone. Risk of dependence may be greater in those with dependent personalities","volume":"317","author":"Ayonrinde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05484gry","article-title":"Prescription sleeping pills, insomnia, and suicidality in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"72","author":"Brower","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427020-00004","article-title":"Changes in fatalities due to overdose of anxiolytic and sedative drugs in the UK (1983-1999)","volume":"27","author":"Buckley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0007","first-page":"19","volume-title":"UK deaths associated with \u2018Z\u2019 drugs (Zopiclone, Zolpidem & Zaleplon) in Z-drugs: a review of the evidence of misuse and harm","author":"Casula","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7240","article-title":"Severe chronic abuse of zolpidem in refractory insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Chiaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0009","first-page":"31","article-title":"Zaleplon abuse","volume":"5","author":"Desousa","year":"2009","journal-title":"JPPS"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014","article-title":"Treating insomnia: current and investigational pharmacological approaches","volume":"112","author":"Ebert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0011","author":"Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0012","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA). Eudravigilance Expert Working Group (EV-Ewg)\n           (2006) Guideline on the use of statistical signal detection methods in the eudravigilance data analysis system. Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline\/2009\/11\/WC500011437.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2018."},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0013","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA)\n           (2016a) EudraVigilance (EV) Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/regulation\/general\/general_content_000679.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05800250b5. Accessed July 13, 2018)."},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0014","author":"European Medicines Agency (EMA)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0015","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA)\n           (2018) Eudravigilance user manual. Individual case safety report form. Version 1.1. Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline\/2017\/06\/WC500229803.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2018."},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01448.x","article-title":"Dependence on zopiclone","volume":"101","author":"Flynn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659409011040","article-title":"Acute zolpidem poisoning\u2013analysis of 344 cases","volume":"32","author":"Garnier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0018","author":"GOV.UK","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0019","first-page":"31","article-title":"Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds","volume":"66","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0292-0","article-title":"The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs","volume":"9","author":"Gunja","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199921060-00003","article-title":"A comparative assessment of the risks and benefits of zopiclone: a review of 15 years\u2019 clinical experience","volume":"21","author":"Hajak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00491.x","article-title":"Abuse and dependence potential for the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone: a review of case reports and epidemiological data","volume":"98","author":"Hajak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0023","unstructured":"Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA) European Medicines Agency (EMA)\n           (2017) Guideline on good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP) Module VI \u2013 Collection, management and submission of reports of suspected adverse reactions to medicinal products (Rev 2). Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline\/2017\/08\/WC500232767.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2018."},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00631.x","article-title":"A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs","volume":"99","author":"Jaffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg123","article-title":"Dependence on legal psychotropic drugs among alcoholics","volume":"38","author":"Johansson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12356","article-title":"Medical prescriptions falsified by the patients: a 12-year national monitoring to assess prescription drug diversion","volume":"32","author":"Jouanjus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.149252","article-title":"Misuse of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in the UK V","volume":"205","author":"Kapil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0028","first-page":"22","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to the deprescribing of nonbenzodiazepine sedative medications among older adults","volume":"20","author":"Kuntz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perm J. Apr"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245108","article-title":"Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics","volume":"108","author":"Lader","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-016-9679-x","article-title":"Psychiatric Morbidity in dependent Z-drugs and benzodiazepine users","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701525467","article-title":"Quetiapine treatment of zolpidem dependence","volume":"16","author":"Mariani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030336","article-title":"Hypnotic medications and suicide: risk, mechanisms, mitigation, and the FDA","volume":"174","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0033","volume-title":"Introductory guide for Standardised MedDRA Queries (SMQs) Version 21.0","author":"Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0034","unstructured":"Medsafe\n           (1998) New Zealand medicines and medical devices safety authority. dependence with zopiclone. Available at: http:\/\/www.medsafe.govt.nz\/profs\/PUarticles\/3.htm. Accessed July 18, 2018."},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-4-403","article-title":"Long-term misuse of zopiclone in an alcohol dependent woman with a history of anorexia nervosa: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Morinan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0036","author":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)","year":"2004"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106927","article-title":"Searching for perfect sleep: the continuing evolution of GABAA receptor modulators as hypnotics","volume":"24","author":"Nutt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinms.2017.08.002","article-title":"Detection of drugs of abuse in urine using the Bruker Toxtyper\u2122: experiences in a routine clinical laboratory setting","volume":"4\u20135","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030452","article-title":"Intranasal zaleplon abuse","volume":"165","author":"Paparrigopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-015-0019-8","article-title":"Deprescribing benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in community-dwelling adults: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Pollmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.036","article-title":"Doctor shopping of opioid analgesics relative to benzodiazepines: a pharmacoepidemiological study among 11.7 million inhabitants in the french countries","volume":"187","author":"Pont\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0042","first-page":"339","article-title":"Deprescribing benzodiazepine receptor agonists: evidence-based clinical practice guideline","volume":"64","author":"Pottie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120026520","article-title":"Comparison of the fatal toxicity index of zopiclone with benzodiazepines","volume":"41","author":"Reith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0044","first-page":"925","article-title":"Zopiclone, a current drug of misuse","volume":"93","author":"Rooney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1346084","article-title":"The french addictovigilance network clinical assessment: Z-drugs, true false twins","volume":"16","author":"Rousselet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00239","article-title":"Is there a potential of misuse for venlafaxine and bupropion","volume":"9","author":"Schifano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8040073","article-title":"Abuse of prescription drugs in the context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Schifano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1\u201310","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00611","article-title":"Pillars and pitfalls of the new pharmacovigilance legislation: consequences for the identification of adverse drug reactions deriving from abuse, misuse, overdose, occupational exposure, and medication errors","volume":"9","author":"Sessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0049","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and \u201cZ-Drug\u201d dependence: data from a tertiary care center","volume":"19","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Dis"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03190.x","article-title":"Zopiclone abuse among polydrug users","volume":"91","author":"Sikdar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0051","first-page":"964","article-title":"Gps\u2019 attitudes to benzodiazepine and \u2018Z-drug\u2019 prescribing: a barrier to implementation of evidence and guidance on hypnotics","volume":"56","author":"Siriwardena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1806486","article-title":"The FDA and the next wave of drug abuse - proactive pharmacovigilance","volume":"379","author":"Throckmorton","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0053","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02861.x","article-title":"Evidence of zolpidem abuse and dependence: results of the french centre for evaluation and information on pharmacodependence (CEIP) network survey","volume":"64","author":"Victorri-Vigneau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2014.882725","article-title":"An update on zolpidem abuse and dependence","volume":"33","author":"Victorri-Vigneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060170045","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects","volume":"251","author":"Voderholzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi132","article-title":"Zopiclone withdrawal: an unusual cause of delirium in the elderly","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2019042515230905100_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2165\/11312920-000000000-00000","article-title":"Comparative tolerability of newer agents for insomnia","volume":"32","author":"Zammit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article-pdf\/22\/4\/270\/28530087\/pyz007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T15:23:29Z","timestamp":1556205809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article\/22\/4\/270\/5306970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-1457","1469-5111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-1457","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-5111","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}