{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:23:36Z","timestamp":1784827416015,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; or sodium oxybate) is an endogenous GHB-\/gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor agonist. It is approved for application in narcolepsy and has been proposed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, fibromyalgia, and depression, all of which involve neuro-immunological processes. Tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), the cortisol-awakening response (CAR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been suggested as peripheral biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disorders. GHB has been shown to induce a delayed reduction of T helper and natural killer cell counts and alter basal cortisol levels, but GHB\u2019s effects on TRYCATs, CAR, and BDNF are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, TRYCAT and BDNF serum levels, as well as CAR and the affective state (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS]) were measured in the morning after a single nocturnal dose of GHB (50 mg\/kg body weight) in 20 healthy male volunteers in a placebo-controlled, balanced, randomized, double-blind, cross-over design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the morning after nocturnal GHB administration, the TRYCATs indolelactic acid, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid; the 3-hydroxykynurenine to kynurenic acid ratio; and the CAR were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05\u20130.001, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected). The quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid ratio was reduced by trend. Serotonin, tryptophan, and BDNF levels, as well as PANAS scores in the morning, remained unchanged after a nocturnal GHB challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>GHB has post-acute effects on peripheral biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disorders, which might be a model to explain some of its therapeutic effects in disorders involving neuro-immunological pathologies. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02342366.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:36:31Z","timestamp":1566905791000},"page":"631-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nocturnal Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Reduces Cortisol-Awakening Response and Morning Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"D A","family":"Dornbierer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, 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