{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:02:29Z","timestamp":1753876949961,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572739200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is uncertain how electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced generalized seizures exert their potent therapeutic effects on various neuropsychiatric disorders. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, and activates autophagic processes via unc-51-like kinase (ULK1). Evidence supports the involvement of autophagy system in the action mechanisms of antidepressants and antipsychotics. The effect of ECT on autophagy-related signaling requires further clarification.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) on autophagy, and its association with the AMPK signaling pathway, were investigated in the rat frontal cortex. ECS was provided once per day for 10 days (E10X), and compound C or 3-methyadenine was administered through an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannula. Molecular changes were analyzed with immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>E10X increased p-Thr172-AMPK\u03b1 immunoreactivity in rat frontal cortex neurons. E10X increased phosphorylation of upstream effectors of AMPK, such as LKB1, CaMKK, and TAK1, and of its substrates, ACC, HMGR, and GABABR2. E10X also increased p-Ser317-ULK1 immunoreactivity. At the same time, LC3-II and ATG5\u2013ATG12 conjugate immunoreactivity increased, indicating activation of autophagy. An i.c.v injection of the AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated the ECS-induced increase in ULK1 phosphorylation, as well as the protein levels of LC3-II and Atg5\u2013Atg12 conjugate. TEM clearly showed an increased number of autophagosomes in the rat frontal cortex after E10X, which was reduced by i.c.v treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyadenine and compound C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Repeated ECS treatments activated in vivo autophagy in the rat frontal cortex through the AMPK signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:19:01Z","timestamp":1572524341000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Electroconvulsive seizures induce autophagy by activating the AMPK signaling pathway in the rat frontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Sook","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Geun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Min","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ung Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Nowon\u00a0Eulji Meical Center,\u00a0Eulji\u00a0University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"container-title":["International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz055\/30343671\/pyz055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz055\/30343671\/pyz055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T16:06:03Z","timestamp":1572797163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz055\/5611299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-1457","1469-5111"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1461-1457"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-5111"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"article-number":"pyz055"}}