{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:31:51Z","timestamp":1790184711586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001789","name":"Bond University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interventions to reduce antibiotic use focus on general practitioners (GPs) and patient behaviour, not pharmacists, who may inadvertently drive antibiotic expectations by referrals to GPs. No data are available on pharmacist referrals for suspected antibiotic-requiring infections. We conducted a feasibility pilot to provide data for robust sample size calculation and identify areas for further exploration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pharmacists and GPs were recruited independently using convenience sampling. They completed prospective data collection on 20 consecutive minor ailment encounters and consultations respectively. Pharmacists recorded patient gender, age, referral reason, and any comments. GPs recorded patient age, gender, reason for visit, and origin of patient referral including self-referral. All data were analysed descriptively. Generalized estimating equation multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate factors that may be associated with pharmacist referral rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited 19 pharmacists representing 466 minor ailments encounters, and 19 GPs representing 394 consultations. Pharmacists referred 17% (77\/466) of all minor ailments encounters for suspected antibiotic-requiring infections. Comments suggested reasons included upper-respiratory tract, ear nose and throat, and urinary tract infections. Most of suspected antibiotic-requiring infections referrals were to a GP (81%; 62\/77). No GP consultations for infection (n = 88) were documented as being referred by a pharmacist; the majority were self-referred (77%; 68\/88).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our pilot indicated that exploration of pharmacist referral for antibiotics is feasible and warranted. Future studies should quantify referral rates, reasons for referral, and observed differences between pharmacist and GP results. Our results should be used for the basis of a robust sample size calculation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riaf009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T19:53:25Z","timestamp":1743796405000},"page":"256-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Community pharmacists\u2019 referrals to General Practice with suspected need of antibiotics: an Australian cross-sectional pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Stehlik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University , Robina, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Evidence Based Practice Professorial Unit, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service , Southport,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus) , 1 Parklands Dr , Southport QLD 4215 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Moles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University , Robina, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University , Robina, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarira","family":"El-Den","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Del Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University , Robina, QLD ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140082","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0082","article-title":"Tackling the threat of antimicrobial resistance: from policy to sustainable action","volume":"370","author":"Shallcross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0002","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0003","volume-title":"AURA 2019","author":"Australian Commission on Safety Quality in Health Care","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.01042","article-title":"Antibiotics for acute respiratory infections in general practice: comparison of prescribing rates with guideline recommendations","volume":"207","author":"McCullough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00574","article-title":"Reducing antibiotic prescribing in Australian general practice: time for a national strategy","volume":"207","author":"Del Mar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163517745517","article-title":"Pharmacists as accessible primary health care providers: review of the evidence","volume":"151","author":"Tsuyuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Pharm J"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0007","volume-title":"NAB Pharmacy","author":"Pearson","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0008","article-title":"Consumer experiences, needs and expectations of community pharmacy","author":"Mott","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025061002114929200_CIT0009","author":"Berbatis","journal-title":"National pharmacy database project. 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