{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:09:20Z","timestamp":1789650560725,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20250271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess community pharmacists\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and practices regarding red eye management in Jordan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey of 430 community pharmacists was conducted in northern and central regions of Jordan between July and October 2025. A questionnaire assessed knowledge (nine items scored 0\u20139, categorized: low &amp;lt;6, moderate 6\u20137, high \u22658 per modified Bloom\u2019s taxonomy), attitudes and confidence (five-point Likert scales), and practices (single and multiple-response items reported as frequencies).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean knowledge score was 6.67\u2009\u00b1\u20091.38 out of 9; 53.3% of pharmacists demonstrated high knowledge, 44.2% moderate, and 2.6% low. Pharmacists demonstrated good knowledge of red eye aetiology, red-flag symptoms, and medication safety, but lower performance in complex items requiring comprehensive clinical judgement. Attitudes were generally cautious and safety-oriented, with most pharmacists endorsing red-flag recognition (84.6%), acknowledging that improper red eye management may cause serious complications (91.6%), and supporting prescription-only corticosteroid dispensing (70.5%). Confidence ranged from 93.2% for patient education on eye-drop use to 47.0% for distinguishing conjunctivitis subtypes. Practice patterns were generally appropriate; however, a subset of participants recommended antibiotic and steroid-containing preparations, raising medication-safety concerns. Higher knowledge was significantly associated with more frequent referral behaviour (P\u2009=\u2009.001), greater opposition to non-prescription corticosteroid dispensing (P\u2009=\u2009.026), &amp;gt; 5\u00a0years of experience (P\u2009=\u2009.015), and geographic location (P\u2009=\u2009.010).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Jordanian community pharmacists demonstrated generally good knowledge and referral awareness regarding red eye. Gaps in advanced knowledge and certain medication safety practices highlight the need for targeted training, stronger ophthalmic medication dispensing regulation, and structured continuing professional development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riag129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:48:48Z","timestamp":1787140128000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists regarding red eye management in Jordan: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1165-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania M","family":"Jammal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid 22110 ,","place":["Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7601-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Al-Omari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University , Irbid 21163 ,","place":["Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samah","family":"Al-Shatnawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid 22110 ,","place":["Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid 22110 ,","place":["Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham M","family":"Jammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid 22110 ,","place":["Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref1"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0302","article-title":"Red Eye: a guide for non-specialists","volume":"114","author":"Frings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.020","article-title":"Conjunctivitis preferred practice pattern\u00ae","volume":"126","author":"Varu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02091.x","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of acute eye diseases by primary health care providers: incidence and implications","volume":"189","author":"Statham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"08","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1079.1000316","article-title":"From acute disease to red flags: a review of the diverse spectrum of red eye encountered in the primary care setting","volume":"08","author":"Lansingh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Primary Health Care Open Access"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006261","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006261","article-title":"A cohort study of influences, health outcomes and costs of patients\u2019 health-seeking behaviour for minor ailments from primary and emergency care settings","volume":"5","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.689076","article-title":"Self-medication in ophthalmology: a questionnaire-based study in an Argentinean population","volume":"19","author":"Marquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026091708285609300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S259398","article-title":"Over-the-counter ocular decongestants in the United States - 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