{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:40:49Z","timestamp":1792687249206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacy Value-added Services (PVAS) by the Ministry of Health Malaysia aim to reduce waiting times, improve medicine access, and ease congestion in public health facilities. The MyUBAT mobile application was launched to streamline PVAS registration and medication refills, but its user experience remains unevaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a bilingual questionnaire (MyACE) assessing perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), satisfaction, and functionality of MyUBAT among adult users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study developed a questionnaire integrating constructs from Technology Acceptance Model, Mobile App Rating Scale and System Usability Scale. Two rounds of content validation involving eight experts were conducted using the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI). The bilingual (English and Malay) version underwent face validation with 10 adults from the general public via the Item-level Face Validity Index (I-FVI). A pilot study recruited end-users (N\u2009=\u200930) via convenience sampling at outpatient pharmacy units to evaluate internal consistency using Cronbach\u2019s alpha and Corrected Item-Total Correlation (CITC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MyACE (20 items) showed strong content validity (I-CVI: 0.88\u20131.00; S-CVI\/Ave: 0.96) and excellent face validity (I-FVI\u2009\u2265\u20090.83 for 19\/20 items; S-FVI\/Ave: 0.99; S-FVI\/UA: 0.90). Pilot testing confirmed excellent overall reliability (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.91), with strong domain-specific reliability for Functionality (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.90) and Satisfaction (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.80). Although PU (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.55) and PEOU (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.62) showed lower reliability, all items were retained after considering overall reliability and CITC results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MyACE questionnaire demonstrated good validity and excellent reliability, supporting its use as a bilingual instrument to evaluate user perceptions of the MyUBAT mobile application and providing a foundation for future large-scale validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riag150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:09:19Z","timestamp":1792685359000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The MyACE questionnaire: development and validation of a bilingual tool to evaluate user perceptions of the MyUBAT mobile application"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0379-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woh Yon","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kuala Lumpur Health Clinic, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya Health Department, Ministry of Health , 53200 Kuala Lumpur ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin Ciak","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Dato\u2019 Keramat Health Clinic, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya Health Department, Ministry of Health , 54200 Kuala Lumpur ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathnaa","family":"Nadarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Setapak Health Clinic, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya Health Department, Ministry of Health , 53300 Kuala Lumpur ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kampung Pandan Health Clinic, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya Health Department, Ministry of Health , 55100 Kuala Lumpur ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref1","volume-title":"Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020\u20132025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jphsr\/rmac054","article-title":"A systematic review on pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care optimization through virtual platforms","volume":"14","author":"Karattuthodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref3","author":"NHS England"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref4","volume-title":"HealthHub","author":"Ministry of Health Singapore"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref5","volume-title":"1800MEDICARE App.","author":"Australian Digital Health Agency"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref6","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical Services Programme Strategic Plan 2021\u20132025","author":"Pharmaceutical Services Programme","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2022.100120","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmacy value-added services in public health facilities: staff perception and cost analysis","volume":"5","author":"Yussof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref8","volume-title":"Medicines Supply Management System for Pharmacy Value Added Services (MyUBAT) Petaling Jaya","author":"Pharmaceutical Services Programme","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref9","author":"Pharmaceutical Services Programme"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab151","article-title":"Mobile health applications for older adults: a systematic review of interface and persuasive feature design","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x","article-title":"Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation","volume":"8","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758198","article-title":"Mobile Technology in Medicine: development and validation of an adapted system usability scale (SUS) questionnaire and modified technology acceptance model (TAM) to evaluate user experience and acceptability of a Mobile application in MRI safety screening","volume":"33","author":"Cheah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2021.100005","article-title":"Perceptions of a mobile phone-based approach to promote medication adherence: a cross-sectional application of the technology acceptance model","volume":"1","author":"Appiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1108\/nbri-01-2014-0005","article-title":"User satisfaction with mobile websites: the impact of perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU) and trust","volume":"5","author":"Abolghasemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nankai Bus Rev Int"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.58229\/jcsam.v1i1.74","article-title":"Impact of Mobile service quality, perceived value, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, customer satisfaction towards continuance intention to use MyTelkomsel app","volume":"1","author":"Azzahra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Studies and Applied Marketing"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref17","article-title":"SUS: a retrospective","volume":"8","author":"Brooke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.3422","article-title":"Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps","volume":"3","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.21315\/eimj2019.11.2.6","article-title":"ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation","volume":"11","author":"Yusoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Education in Medicine Journal"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198611000-00017","article-title":"Determination and quantification of content validity","volume":"35","author":"Lynn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20147","article-title":"The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported?","volume":"29","author":"Polit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21315\/eimj2019.11.3.6","article-title":"ABC of response process validation and face validity index calculation","volume":"11","author":"Yusoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Education in Medicine Journal"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67579","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.67579","article-title":"Development and validation of a Malay version questionnaire to evaluate remote health monitoring of COVID-19 via telehealth applications: navigating telehealth evolution","volume":"16","author":"Kannadasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2018.25.6.9","article-title":"A review on sample size determination for Cronbach's alpha test: a simple guide for researchers","volume":"25","author":"Bujang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.15295\/bmij.v8i3.1540","article-title":"Validity and reliability in quantitative research","volume":"8","author":"S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Business & Management Studies: An International Journal"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24457","DOI":"10.2196\/24457","article-title":"Malay version of the mHealth app usability questionnaire (M-MAUQ): translation, adaptation, and validation study","volume":"9","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.07.002","article-title":"The technology acceptance model: its past and its future in health care","volume":"43","author":"Holden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2026102212091451600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70095","DOI":"10.1002\/appl.70095","article-title":"Digital public health interventions in Malaysia: a scoping review of user acceptance, usability, health outcomes, and implementation challenges","volume":"5","author":"Utong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Applied Research"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pharmacy Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijpp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ijpp\/riag150\/72370644\/riag150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijpp\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ijpp\/riag150\/72370644\/riag150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:09:20Z","timestamp":1792685360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijpp\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/ijpp\/riag150\/8979476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijpp\/riag150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-7174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-7174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"article-number":"riag150"}}