{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:28:33Z","timestamp":1780363713979,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The study of many arthropod-borne pathogens requires high biosafety considerations, including the use of specialized facilities and equipment for arthropod containment. Mosquito- and tick-borne viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses require facilities that are suitable for housing vertebrates. Multidisciplinary studies that incorporate the vector, vertebrate, and pathogens are essential for a complete understanding of the interactions between these transmission cycle components, especially if they aim to evaluate and model relative susceptibilities of different arthropods and vertebrates to infection and transmission between these. Under laboratory conditions, these studies can be relatively simple, for example, involving colonized arthropods, small animals, and attenuated viruses. Other studies are complex with large animals, high-biocontainment pathogens, and field-collected arthropods. These require a higher level of containment and special design considerations. Both of these types of experiments have their relative merits. A thorough understanding of the issues related to these types of studies and the benefits and drawbacks to using various challenge models will enable the researcher to develop realistic goals for various experiments. This review examines the varied issues that should be considered prior to starting these experiments and covers the basics from the procurement of various arthropods, rearing, high-containment facilities and operational issues specific to work with arthropods, types of infection experiments, and specific issues with arthropod and animal experiments in biosafety levels 3 and 4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilab013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T20:11:20Z","timestamp":1616443880000},"page":"18-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Use of Arthropod-Borne Challenge Models in BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 Biocontainment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Higgs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L","family":"Vanlandingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Jang S","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Thangamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011909203811200_ref1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Arthropod containment guidelines","volume":"3","author":"Benedict","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022011909203811200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10152","article-title":"Early history of laboratory breeding of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on the origins and use of selected strains","volume":"47","author":"Kuno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022011909203811200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1219","article-title":"Oral infection of Aedes aegypti with yellow fever virus: geographic variation and genetic considerations","volume":"34","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011909203811200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.603","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of mosquito species and strains to oral and parenteral infection with dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses","volume":"34","author":"Rosen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022011909203811200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1821","article-title":"Susceptibility of a North American Culex quinquefasciatus to Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022011909203811200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1045","article-title":"Variation in susceptibility to oral infection with dengue viruses among geographic strains of Aedes aegypti","volume":"28","author":"Gubler","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022011909203811200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.85","article-title":"Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States","volume":"67","author":"Bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022011909203811200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.690","article-title":"The effect of colonization upon Aedes aegypti susceptibility to oral infection with yellow fever virus","volume":"33","author":"Lorenz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022011909203811200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2292","article-title":"Authentication of research materials: mosquitoes for sale?","volume":"18","author":"Higgs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022011909203811200_ref10","volume-title":"Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods","author":"Service MW","year":"1993","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2022011909203811200_ref11","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Anthology of Biosafety, IV Issues in Public Health. 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