{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:32:26Z","timestamp":1793071946534,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":331,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":178,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors\u2019 recommendation based on the authors\u2019 clinical experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilab016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T15:12:57Z","timestamp":1619709177000},"page":"238-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Kaela L","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine , Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Huss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine , Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioresources Department , Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Economic Development , University of California, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Animal Resources Authority , Murdoch, Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary and Life Sciences , Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology , School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cholawat","family":"Pacharinsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine , Stanford 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