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Their remarkable plasticity allows them to acquire different phenotypes, becoming able either to fight infection (M1-like, classically activated macrophages) or to promote tissue remodeling and repair (M2-like, alternatively activated macrophages). These phenotypes are induced by different cues present in the microenvironment. Among the factors that might regulate macrophage activation are mediators produced by different branches of the nervous system. The regulation exerted by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on macrophages (and the immune system in general) is becoming a subject of increasing interest, indeed a great number of articles have been published lately. Catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline) activate \u03b1 and \u03b2 adrenergic receptors expressed by macrophages and shape the effector functions of these cells in contexts as diverse as the small intestine, the lung, or the adipose tissue. Activation of different subsets of receptors seems to produce antagonistic effects, with \u03b1 adrenergic receptors generally associated with pro-inflammatory functions and \u03b2 adrenergic receptors (particularly \u03b22) related to the resolution of inflammation and tissue remodeling. However, exceptions to this paradigm have been reported, and the factors contributing to these apparently contradictory observations are still far from being completely understood. Additionally, macrophages per se seem to be sources of catecholamines, which is also a subject of some debate. In this review, we discuss how activation of adrenergic receptors modulates macrophage effector functions and its implications for inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltac010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T09:54:08Z","timestamp":1654077248000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Adrenergic signaling regulation of macrophage function: do we understand it yet?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Marton","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe Menegatti","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre S","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP) , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2022102111353164900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1733","article-title":"Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.","volume":"5","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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