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Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), an organized structure within the mucosal immune system, is important for the maintenance of gut homeostasis and body health and serves as the first line barrier\/defense against diet antigens, commensal microbiota, pathogens, and toxins in mucosal areas. The current study examined gene expression levels along six segments of anorectal tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in uninjured rats (28-day sham surgical controls) and at both 28- and 42-days post-T9 contusion injury. Consistent with our previous report of functional regional differences in the ano-rectum, we demonstrate the existence of GALTs located primarily within the segment at 3-4.5\u2009cm from the rectal dentate line (termed rectal GALTs\u2014rGALTs) in shams with upregulated gene expression levels of multiple biomarkers, including B cell and T cell-related genes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, and germinal center (GC)-related genes, which was further confirmed by histologic examination. In the same rectal tissue segment following T9 SCI, inflammation-related genes were upregulated at 28\u2009days post-injury (DPI) indicating that microbial infection and inflammation of rGALTs modified structure and function of rGALTs, while at 42 DPI rGALTs exhibited resolution of inflammation and impaired structure\/function for extrafollicular B cell responses. Taken together, our data suggest that rGALTs exists in rat rectum for homeostasis of gut microbiota\/barrier. SCI induces microbial infection and inflammation in rectal tissues containing rGALTs, which could contribute to development of SCI-related gut microbiome dysbiosis, NBD, and systemic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T21:14:36Z","timestamp":1741295676000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biomarker expression level changes within rectal\u00a0gut-associated lymphoid tissues in spinal cord-injured rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville, KY,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center , Louisville, KY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles H","family":"Hubscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville, KY,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center , Louisville, KY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025033000181380000_vlaf002-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101601","article-title":"Patterns of morbidity and rehospitalisation following spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Middleton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal 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