{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:30:20Z","timestamp":1789428620241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24AI118648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AI118648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI102918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI102918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue (DENV) are mosquito-borne viruses that cause severe epidemics, often in remote regions. A limitation to our understanding of these pathogens is the difficulty of performing assays of the cellular immune response. To fill this gap, we developed a novel miniaturized automated system capable of processing 250\u2009\u03bcl of whole blood for high-throughput cellular analysis. In a field study with a pediatric cohort in Msambweni, Kenya, known for previous exposure to CHIKV and\/or DENV, we processed 133 whole blood samples using our system under three conditions: no stimulation, and stimulation with CHIKV or DENV peptide pools. These samples underwent CyTOF or flow cytometry analysis to evaluate virus-specific memory T cell responses and phenotypes. CyTOF analysis of 81 participant samples revealed significant cytokine responses to CHIKV and DENV, particularly IFN\u03b3 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01 and P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001, respectively) and TNF-\u03b1 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Additionally, a significant TNF-\u03b1 response was observed in the CD8+ TEMRA memory subset to DENV, albeit to a lesser degree than in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. To confirm our CyTOF findings, we employed flow cytometry on the remaining 40 samples using a targeted panel, validating significant TNF-\u03b1 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001 and P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) and IFN-\u03b3 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) responses by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells to CHIKV and DENV, respectively. Our study demonstrates that our innovative automated system enables detailed assessment of immune function, particularly beneficial in pediatric populations and resource-limited settings with limited sample volumes. This approach holds promise for advancing our understanding of cellular immune responses to various viral and infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T16:13:51Z","timestamp":1741277631000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive immune profiling of dengue and chikungunya viral responses using a novel miniaturized automated whole blood cellular analysis system and mass cytometry in a pediatric cohort in Msambweni, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Kowli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Krystosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division 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Kwale,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said L","family":"Malumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital , Msambweni, Kwale,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip K","family":"Chebii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital , Msambweni, Kwale,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscillah W","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital , Msambweni, Kwale,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Mathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elysse N","family":"Grossi-Soyster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rieck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelle Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holden 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