{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:13:10Z","timestamp":1793531590312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Heart Association Career Development Award","award":["858028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["858028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii is estimated to infect a third of the world\u2019s population. Toxoplasmosis is considered a significant worldwide disease that can lead to morbidity or death in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense against T. gondii has been demonstrated to be dependent on a rapid myeloid cell and lymphocyte response working in concert to quickly eliminate the invading pathogen. Classically, T-bet\u2013dependent group 1 innate lymphocytes (ILC1s), natural killer (NK) cells, and CD4+ T cell\u2013derived interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) are considered indispensable for host resistance against T. gondii. However, recent discoveries have illustrated that T-bet is not required for NK cell\u2013 or CD4+ T cell\u2013derived IFN-\u03b3. Yet, lack of T-bet still results in rapid mortality, pointing to a T-bet\u2013dependent myeloid cell\u2013mediated host defense pathway. This review summarizes the myeloid cell\u2013mediated immune response against T. gondii and provides insights into the lesser known components of the T-bet\u2013dependent myeloid cell\u2013dependent host defense pathway for pathogen clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T23:50:00Z","timestamp":1756165800000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The cat\u2019s out of the bag: <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> provides further insight into myeloid-mediated host defense"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8696-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison L","family":"Schanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8754-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengdi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamryn E","family":"Zadeii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9rico H","family":"L\u00f3pez-Yglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082519495129200_vlaf037-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025082519495129200_vlaf037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401617","article-title":"Diverse roles for T-bet in the effector responses required for resistance to infection","volume":"194","author":"Harms Pritchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J 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