{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:50:18Z","timestamp":1791561018601,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease awarded to Dr. Rosemary Rochford","award":["NIH R01AI141531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01AI141531"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) coinfections have been associated with an increased risk of developing the EBV-associated cancer endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). In children living in malaria-endemic areas, repeated episodes of malaria may alter the immune system\u2019s ability to suppress EBV, creating a permissive environment for eBL pathogenesis. However, the malaria-driven mechanisms involved remain undefined, including whether malaria-induced immune alterations are EBV-specific or systemic. To identify whether acute clinical P. falciparum malaria affects EBV T-cell immunity, we characterized T-cell activation status and cytokine secretion profiles using flow cytometry. We compared profiles in 10 Kenyan children with acute clinical P. falciparum malaria at baseline and matched 4-week recovery, and 10 healthy community controls following antigenic stimulation with EBV- and cytomegalovirus-specific peptides. The percentage frequency of activation-induced marker cells was comparable within the study cohort across the different stimulations. Furthermore, we observed a shift in cytokine secretion in children with acute malaria during active disease and at 4\u2009weeks postrecovery, favoring IL-10 for both T-cell subsets. Our findings suggest that clinical malaria did not result in the impairment of T-cell activation, but rather induced shifts in cytokine secretion in favor of IL-10. We further demonstrate that malaria-induced T-cell immune alterations are not EBV-specific but rather affect overall immune suppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T22:10:38Z","timestamp":1764022238000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CD4 and CD8 T-cell response is dominated by IL-10\u2013secreting cells in children with uncomplicated\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    malaria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bonface O","family":"Ariera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University , Maseno,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Guyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University , Maseno,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Onditi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3410-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Waomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Koech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R","family":"Sabourin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Samayoa-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, OR,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Rochford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Ogolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv005","article-title":"Patterns of distribution of childhood cancer in Africa","volume":"61","author":"Stefan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1962.43","article-title":"A \u201ctumour safari\u201d in East and Central Africa","volume":"16","author":"Burkitt","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.10.002","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma as a polymicrobial disease: new insights on the interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"19","author":"Chene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61177-X","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"379","author":"Molyneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1089","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma: a polymicrobial disease?","volume":"3","author":"Rochford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir872","article-title":"Early age at time of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection results in poorly controlled viral infection in infants from western Kenya: clues to the etiology of endemic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"205","author":"Piriou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032015","article-title":"Persistence of the Epstein-Barr virus and the origins of associated lymphomas","volume":"350","author":"Thorley-Lawson","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B8","volume-title":"Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis","author":"Hjalgrim","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00211","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus epidemiology, serology, and genetic variability of LMP-1 oncogene among healthy population: an update","volume":"8","author":"Smatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front 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breadth and magnitude: results of a case-control study from rural Uganda","volume":"229","author":"Nalwoga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076316","article-title":"Strategies for detection of Plasmodium species gametocytes","volume":"8","author":"Wampfler","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1086\/428910","article-title":"Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children","volume":"191","author":"Moormann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112417103310800_vlaf045-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-238","article-title":"Alterations on peripheral B cell subsets following an acute uncomplicated clinical malaria infection in 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