{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T21:46:02Z","timestamp":1781387162184,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greece versus Corona Action of the Hellenic Secretariat of Research and Innovation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013209","name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) exhibit impaired immune responses to vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, remaining vulnerable to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) even after multiple vaccine doses. We hypothesized that repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in KTRs might promote remodeling of the adaptive immune repertoire. In order to address this hypothesis and gain insight into adaptive immune dynamics in this population, we employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine longitudinal alterations in immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) gene repertoires following multiple mRNA vaccinations and functional experiments to assess lymphocyte signaling capacity. TR gene repertoire analysis revealed increased diversity and reduced clonality after booster immunizations, indicative of substantial repertoire renewal. Although the relative frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific TR clonotypes remained stable over time, significant shifts in TRBV gene usage reflected dynamic reshaping of the TR clonal architecture. Parallel IG gene repertoire profiling demonstrated increased diversity and limited oligoclonal expansions after booster mRNA vaccination. These changes were accompanied by elevated levels of somatic hypermutation in IG clonotypes similar to published SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes, suggestive of more efficient humoral responses following repeated antigenic exposure. Phospho-specific flow cytometry analysis revealed initially diminished B cell receptor signaling, which was restored following multiple immunizations, consistent with reversal of B cell anergy status. Altogether, our findings support the notion that repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations drive the remodeling of cellular and humoral immune landscapes in KTRs. These results underscore the importance of tailored vaccination strategies to optimize immune protection in immunocompromised individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlag004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T12:07:53Z","timestamp":1771762073000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal profiling of antigen receptor gene repertoire dynamics in kidney transplant recipients after multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Antonios","family":"Mingos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupoli,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pechlivanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Karakatsoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Anastasiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glykeria","family":"Gkoliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Vastarouchas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Siorenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department and National Tissue Typing Center, General Hospital of Athens \u201cG. Gennimatas\u201d , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smaragdi","family":"Marinaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department and Renal Transplantation Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Tsoutsoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department and Renal Transplantation Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrto","family":"Papamentzelopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Pitiriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Psichogiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos","family":"Hatzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Stamatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4609-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisavet","family":"Vlachonikola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Chatzidimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.08.005","article-title":"An initial report from the French SOT COVID Registry suggests high mortality due to COVID-19 in recipients of kidney transplants","volume":"98","author":"Caillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03653-6","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans","volume":"595","author":"Sahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1341","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccines in recipients of solid organ transplants","volume":"174","author":"Marion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7489","article-title":"Antibody response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"325","author":"Boyarsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16701","article-title":"Cellular and humoral response after MRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"21","author":"Cucchiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003784","article-title":"Poor anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and T-cell responses after 2 injections of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"105","author":"Chavarot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101642","article-title":"Immune responses following 3rd and 4th doses of heterologous and homologous COVID-19 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"53","author":"Thomson","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.12339","article-title":"Antibody response after a third dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients with minimal serologic response to 2 doses","volume":"326","author":"Benotmane","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16814","article-title":"Weak antibody response to three doses of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept","volume":"21","author":"Chavarot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2108861","article-title":"Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"385","author":"Nassim","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00666-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Prendecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3768","article-title":"Systems immunology: just getting started","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105002","article-title":"B-cell receptor repertoire sequencing: deeper digging into the mechanisms and clinical aspects of immune-mediated diseases","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8590","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158590","article-title":"T-cell receptor repertoire sequencing and its applications: focus on infectious diseases and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Mazzotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602050","article-title":"High-throughput immunogenetics for clinical and research applications in immunohematology: potential and challenges","volume":"198","author":"Langerak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110393","article-title":"B cell receptor repertoire kinetics after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Kotagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605170","article-title":"Deep sequencing of B cell receptor repertoires from COVID-19 patients reveals strong convergent immune signatures","volume":"11","author":"Galson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00321-x","article-title":"Dynamics of TCR repertoire and T cell function in COVID-19 convalescent individuals","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01106-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell epitope repertoire in convalescent and mRNA-vaccinated individuals","volume":"7","author":"Lang-Meli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2115-8_10","volume-title":"Immunogenetics: methods and protocols","author":"Langlois de Septenville","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8876-1_24","volume-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: methods and protocols","author":"Vlachonikola","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.362","article-title":"Restrictions in the T-cell repertoire of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: high-throughput immunoprofiling supports selection by shared antigenic elements","volume":"31","author":"Vardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-842-9_32","volume-title":"Immunogenetics: methods and applications in clinical practice","author":"Alamyar","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03669-1","article-title":"TRIP\u2014T cell receptor\/immunoglobulin profiler","volume":"21","author":"Kotouza","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11881","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11881","article-title":"Robust estimates of overall immune-repertoire diversity from high-throughput measurements on samples","volume":"7","author":"Kaplinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13014","article-title":"A guide to the application of Hill numbers to DNA-based diversity analyses","volume":"19","author":"Alberdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664514","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.664514","article-title":"Contribution of T cell receptor alpha and beta CDR3, MHC typing, V and J genes to peptide binding prediction","volume":"12","author":"Springer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01578-0","article-title":"VDJdb in the pandemic era: a compendium of T cell receptors specific for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Goncharov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty121","article-title":"Parallelization of MAFFT for large-scale multiple sequence alignments","volume":"34","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa739","article-title":"CoV-AbDab: the coronavirus antibody database","volume":"37","author":"Raybould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16902","article-title":"Insufficient response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and high incidence of severe COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients during pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Reischig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100178","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: a prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Stumpf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03041-6","article-title":"Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"590","author":"McMahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5393","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan5393","article-title":"Recovery from the middle east respiratory syndrome is associated with antibody and T cell responses","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.063","article-title":"Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Earle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300136","article-title":"Defining and studying B cell receptor and TCR interactions","volume":"211","author":"Rappazzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626793","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.626793","article-title":"The future of blood testing is the immunome","volume":"12","author":"Arnaout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1581","article-title":"Kinetics of B cell receptor signaling in human B cell subsets mapped by phosphospecific flow cytometry1","volume":"177","author":"Irish","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-478","article-title":"Phospho-specific flow cytometry identifies aberrant signaling in indolent B-cell lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Blix","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151849","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor repertoires reveals shared patterns of antigen-specific response to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"7","author":"Gittelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01045-z","article-title":"Profiling of T cell repertoire in SARS-CoV-2-infected COVID-19 patients between mild disease and pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113887","article-title":"CD8+ T cell memory induced by successive SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations is characterized by shifts in clonal dominance","volume":"43","author":"Aoki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70037","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70037","article-title":"Memory B cells provide long-term protection to vaccinated kidney transplant recipients against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"96","author":"Espi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00814-z","article-title":"Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Woodruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-02010-9","article-title":"Disease-associated B cells and immune endotypes shape adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in human SLE","volume":"26","author":"Faliti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.09.002","article-title":"Human B cell clonal expansion and convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"28","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.024","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing of T and B cell receptor repertoires from COVID-19 patients showed signatures associated with severity of disease","volume":"53","author":"Schulthei\u00df","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.035","article-title":"Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients","volume":"184","author":"Andreano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04778-y","article-title":"Increased memory B cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost","volume":"607","author":"Muecksch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06025-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans","volume":"617","author":"Alsoussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade2798","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade2798","article-title":"Class switch toward noninflammatory, spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"8","author":"Irrgang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147386","article-title":"IgV somatic mutation of human anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies governs neutralization and breadth of reactivity","volume":"6","author":"de Mattos Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.03.014","article-title":"Persistent SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific immune defects in kidney transplant recipients following third mRNA vaccine dose","volume":"23","author":"Werbel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl6141","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl6141","article-title":"Infection or a third dose of mRNA vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Charmetant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026022402213784900_vlag004-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1159\/000445656","article-title":"Analysis of the repertoire features of TCR beta chain CDR3 in human by high-throughput sequencing","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"}],"container-title":["ImmunoHorizons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/vlag004\/67064935\/vlag004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article-pdf\/10\/2\/vlag004\/67064935\/vlag004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:21:50Z","timestamp":1771917710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/immhor\/vlag004\/8494494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/immhor\/vlag004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-7732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-7732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"article-number":"vlag004"}}