{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:36:19Z","timestamp":1793723779968,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc","award":["GS-US-330-1938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GS-US-330-1938"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056546b03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Therapeutic strategies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) aim to achieve functional cure, specifically defined by sustained off-treatment elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen. New treatment approaches are being developed to enhance HBV-specific immune responses to reach this goal. To better understand how checkpoint blockade works in CHB, we conducted single-cell sequencing analysis of blood samples from four patients who either responded or did not respond to a single dose of nivolumab (an anti-PD-1 therapy). We examined cells at baseline and at two subsequent timepoints during treatment. Our findings revealed that a patient who achieved functional cure displayed higher baseline levels of stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells, along with increases in CD8+ T effector cells, CD8+ T effector memory cells, and CD4+ T cells that reexpress CD45RA at 24\u2009weeks after nivolumab administration. Additionally, we observed the emergence of specific T and B cell clones during treatment that correlated with positive response. These clones were identified within CD8 T effector, CD8 T effector memory, CD4 T memory cells re-expressing CD45RA, and memory B cell populations. Notably, some prominent memory B cell clones had not undergone isotype switching, indicating the development of new B cell responses rather than modification of existing immune responses. These results suggest that certain T cell phenotypes in peripheral blood, together with specific clonal expansions of T and B cells, may indicate successful clinical response to checkpoint blockade therapy in CHB. Developing treatments that specifically enhance these immune mechanisms may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlag020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T17:02:46Z","timestamp":1777136566000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clonal amplification of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is associated with clinical response to checkpoint blockade in chronic hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Samuel C","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, , Foster City, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, , Foster City, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, , Foster City, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie J","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, , Foster City, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J","family":"Wallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, , Foster City, CA,","place":["United 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