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In this study, we sought to define how RANKL exposure shapes the macrophage inflammatory response to pathogens by using the model intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which coopts macrophages to cause life-threatening infections. We found that exposing both mouse and human macrophages to subosteoclastogenic levels of RANKL increased intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium burdens and decreased proinflammatory cytokine production. RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways in RANKL-treated macrophages during the early stages of infection. Therefore, we hypothesized that RANKL impairs pattern recognition receptor\u2013dependent signaling pathways that are important for proinflammatory cytokine production. We discovered that RANKL-treated macrophages exhibit reduced nuclear factor \u03baB and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation, specifically in response to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 stimulation. We determined that prior RANKL exposure decreases abundance of the TLR2 and TLR4 adaptor proteins TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule) and TIRAP (TIR domain\u2013containing adaptor protein). Together, these data suggest that RANKL exposure negatively impacts the macrophage TLR-mediated inflammatory response to bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlag023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T17:33:30Z","timestamp":1779644010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RANKL inhibits macrophage proinflammatory Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling and impairs killing of intracellular bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3781-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara D","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana R","family":"Fatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Beaudoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton R","family":"Zhelonkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara R","family":"Eichelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis A","family":"Mogilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E","family":"Cassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University 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