{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:45Z","timestamp":1792785945288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fkh1w66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lyme disease is caused when mammalian hosts not part of the sylvatic life cycle, including humans, are infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) following the bite of an Ixodes tick. Ticks and natural mammalian host reservoirs, including rodents, however, are largely disease tolerant, despite Bb establishing persistent infection. We explore the complex and ongoing interplay between Bb and the immune system. We discuss how Bb infection-induced innate responses seem maladapted to this extracellular bacterial infection, perhaps explaining why CD4+ T cells are ineffective contributors to Bb infection control. While B cell responses critically control Bb tissue burden and disease development they cannot clear the infection, showing a bias towards ongoing plasmablast responses and a lack of functional germinal centers. Identifying the mechanisms that hinder effective immune clearance of Bb may lead to new approaches for the treatment of Lyme Disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlag052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:56:09Z","timestamp":1790121369000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mostly getting along \u2013\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    and its manipulation of the host immune system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Sachan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Lyme and Tickborne Disease Research and Education Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumgarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Lyme and Tickborne Disease Research and Education Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43112","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43112","article-title":"Lyme disease and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: current and developing treatment options","volume":"15","author":"Talbot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.333","article-title":"Lyme disease in humans","volume":"42","author":"Radolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.473","article-title":"Lyme disease pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Coburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714","article-title":"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume":"10","author":"Radolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.04.009","article-title":"Broad diversity of host responses of the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus to Borrelia infection and antigens","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.36.010191.003103","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe","volume":"36","author":"Lane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214935","article-title":"Disease tolerance as a defense strategy","volume":"335","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi manipulates innate and adaptive immunity to establish persistence in rodent reservoir hosts","volume":"8","author":"Tracy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.145","article-title":"Immune response to borrelia: lessons from Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"42","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72339","article-title":"Lysosomal \u03b2-glucuronidase regulates Lyme and rheumatoid arthritis severity","volume":"124","author":"Bramwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00648-5","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: linking infection, inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Lochhead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701011","article-title":"Genetic control of Lyme arthritis by Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis-associated locus 1 is dependent on localized differential production of IFN-\u03b2 and requires upregulation of myostatin","volume":"199","author":"Paquette","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5190-5197.2000","article-title":"T-cell-independent responses to Borrelia burgdorferi are critical for protective immunity and resolution of Lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"McKisic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B14","first-page":"57","article-title":"Serum-mediated resolution of Lyme arthritis in mice","volume":"74","author":"Barthold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00469-06","article-title":"Antibody-mediated disease remission in the mouse model of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"74","author":"Barthold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6096","article-title":"Cutting edge: T cell-mediated pathology in murine Lyme borreliosis","volume":"164","author":"McKisic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300384","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection-induced persistent IgM secretion controls bacteremia, but not bacterial dissemination or tissue burden","volume":"211","author":"Hastey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1086\/516166","article-title":"Protective and arthritis-resolving activity in sera of mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"25 Suppl 1","author":"Barthold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.1.1","article-title":"Protective antibodies in murine Lyme disease arise independently of CD40 ligand","volume":"157","author":"Fikrig","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110732","article-title":"Molecular interactions between ticks (Ixodidae) and cattle: salivary proteins, host immune modulation, and pathogen transmission","volume":"344","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816547","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.816547","article-title":"Tick saliva and salivary glands: what do we know so far on their role in arthropod blood feeding and pathogen transmission","volume":"11","author":"Neelakanta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103224","article-title":"Tick saliva molecules as potential immunomodulatory therapeutics","volume":"112","author":"Hatta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121647","article-title":"Binding molecules in tick saliva for targeting host cytokines, chemokines, and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Desid\u00e9rio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2382","article-title":"Cutting edge: inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2","volume":"163","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00418-8","article-title":"Macrophage mediated recognition and clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi elicits MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signals that contribute to phagocytosis and inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Benjamin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.3.2003","article-title":"MyD88 plays a unique role in host defense but not arthritis development in Lyme disease","volume":"173","author":"Bolz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653860","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 plays a pivotal role in host defense and inflammatory response to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"2","author":"Wooten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2534","article-title":"Heterozygous Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 impairs immune activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and protects from late stage Lyme disease","volume":"175","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2683","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide binding protein binds to triacylated and diacylated lipopeptides and mediates innate immune responses","volume":"173","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01600-07","article-title":"Distinct roles for MyD88 and Toll-like receptors 2, 5, and 9 in phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi and cytokine induction","volume":"76","author":"Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00175","article-title":"Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi internalization and intracellular innate immune signaling","volume":"4","author":"Petnicki-Ocwieja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix563","article-title":"Transcriptome assessment of erythema migrans skin lesions in patients with early Lyme disease reveals predominant interferon signaling","volume":"217","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2906.221685","article-title":"Association of persistent symptoms after Lyme neuroborreliosis and increased levels of interferon-\u03b1 in blood","volume":"29","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00969-13","article-title":"MyD88- and TRIF-independent induction of type I interferon drives naive B cell accumulation but not loss of lymph node architecture in Lyme disease","volume":"82","author":"Hastey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.10.011","article-title":"Increased IFN\u03b1 activity and differential antibody response in patients with a history of Lyme disease and persistent cognitive deficits","volume":"255","author":"Jacek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200354","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi engages mammalian type I IFN responses via the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"210","author":"Farris","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf133","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi c-di-AMP is a key extracellular pathogen-associated molecular pattern to elicit type I interferon responses in mammalian hosts","volume":"214","author":"Priya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013776108","article-title":"Phagosomal signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi in human monocytes involves Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR8 cooperativity and TLR8-mediated induction of IFN-beta","volume":"108","author":"Cervantes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100174","article-title":"Induction of type I and type III interferons by Borrelia burgdorferi correlates with pathogenesis and requires linear plasmid 36","volume":"9","author":"Krupna-Gaylord","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0644-4","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi induces a type I interferon response during early stages of disseminated infection in mice","volume":"16","author":"Petzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002066","article-title":"Lymphoadenopathy during Lyme borreliosis is caused by spirochete migration-induced specific B cell activation","volume":"7","author":"Tunev","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.018","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi RST1 (OspC type A) genotype is associated with greater inflammation and more severe Lyme disease","volume":"178","author":"Strle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048793","article-title":"Viral infections in humans and mice with genetic deficiencies of the type I IFN response pathway","volume":"51","author":"Meyts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102359","article-title":"Localized production of IL-10 suppresses early inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent development of IFN-\u03b3-mediated Lyme arthritis","volume":"188","author":"Sonderegger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200413119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200413119","article-title":"The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies","volume":"119","author":"Manry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.08.017","article-title":"Genetic lesions of type I interferon signalling in human antiviral immunity","volume":"37","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI161188","article-title":"Tick feeding modulates the human skin immune landscape to facilitate tick-borne pathogen transmission","volume":"132","author":"Strobl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01507-08","article-title":"Inhibition of neutrophil function by two tick salivary proteins","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e540","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001513","article-title":"Stages of Lyme arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07918.x","article-title":"Erythema migrans: a reassessment of diagnostic criteria for early cutaneous manifestations of borreliosis with particular emphasis on clonality investigations","volume":"156","author":"B\u00f6er","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2451063","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451063","article-title":"Bridging the gap: insights in the immunopathology of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"54","author":"Snik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148035","article-title":"Single-cell immunophenotyping of the skin lesion erythema migrans identifies IgM memory B cells","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103771","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps entrap and kill Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes and are not affected by Ixodes ricinus tick saliva","volume":"189","author":"Menten-Dedoyart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5109","article-title":"Increasing the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection dramatically attenuates Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity","volume":"178","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1824","article-title":"Complement evasion by human pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Lambris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00385","article-title":"Hide and seek: how Lyme disease spirochetes overcome complement attack","volume":"7","author":"Kraiczy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/s0934-8840(11)80597-9","article-title":"Electron microscopy of Langerhans cells and Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease patients","volume":"280","author":"Hul\u00ednsk\u00e1","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66821-6","article-title":"Human epidermal Langerhans cells induce tolerance and hamper T cell function upon tick-borne pathogen transmission","volume":"16","author":"Strobl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.7.2998","article-title":"Human dendritic cells phagocytose and process Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"157","author":"Filgueira","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164040","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi induces TLR2-mediated migration of activated dendritic cells in an ex vivo human skin model","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00030-09","article-title":"Langerhans cell deficiency impairs Ixodes scapularis suppression of Th1 responses in mice","volume":"77","author":"Vesely","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01666-06","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum potentiates innate immune activation and induces gamma interferon production","volume":"75","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1086\/648091","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi stimulates macrophages to secrete higher levels of cytokines and chemokines than Borrelia afzelii or Borrelia garinii","volume":"200","author":"Strle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00369-15","article-title":"Macrophage polarization during murine Lyme borreliosis","volume":"83","author":"Lasky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4094-4099.1997","article-title":"Lipopeptides of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins induce Th1 phenotype development in alphabeta T-cell receptor transgenic mice","volume":"65","author":"Infante-Duarte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101819-025146","article-title":"Dendritic cell regulation of T helper cells","volume":"39","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00210.x","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi potently activates bone marrow-derived conventional dendritic cells for production of IL-23 required for IL-17 release by T cells","volume":"49","author":"Knauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.4.1427","article-title":"The severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse: a laboratory model for the analysis of Lyme arthritis and carditis","volume":"170","author":"Schaible","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B70","first-page":"811","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse manifests predominantly in the joints, heart, and liver","volume":"137","author":"Schaible","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.4.1770","article-title":"T cell subset-dependent modulation of immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi in mice","volume":"154","author":"Keane-Myers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02471-14","article-title":"CD4+ T cells promote antibody production but not sustained affinity maturation during Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"83","author":"Elsner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5264-5269.2001","article-title":"CD4+ T helper 1 cells facilitate regression of murine Lyme carditis","volume":"69","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.605","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in genetically resistant and susceptible mice with severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"47","author":"Barthold","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.6.1075-1084.2004","article-title":"Association of CD4+ CD25+ T cells with prevention of severe destructive arthritis in Borrelia burgdorferi-vaccinated and challenged gamma interferon-deficient mice treated with anti-interleukin-17 antibody","volume":"11","author":"Nardelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030600","article-title":"Characterization of Borrelia-derived extracellular vesicles: implications for pathogenesis and diagnostics","volume":"14","author":"Birkaya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.3.593","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in Lyme arthritis","volume":"174","author":"Yssel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118494","article-title":"Effect of anti-interleukin 12 treatment on murine Lyme borreliosis","volume":"97","author":"Anguita","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2025.102442","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato inhibits CIITA transcription through pSTAT3 activation and enhanced SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression leading to limited IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"16","author":"Brouwer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101611","article-title":"B. burgdorferi sensu lato-induced inhibition of antigen presentation is mediated by RIP1 signaling resulting in impaired functional T cell responses towards Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Brouwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105424","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the early immune response in the lymph nodes of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice","volume":"27","author":"Rinne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.2.1022","article-title":"T helper 1 response is dominant and localized to the synovial fluid in patients with Lyme arthritis","volume":"160","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1086\/382893","article-title":"Borrelia-specific interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 secretion in cerebrospinal fluid and blood during Lyme borreliosis in humans: association with clinical outcome","volume":"189","author":"Widhe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.10.1.44-52.2003","article-title":"Destructive arthritis in vaccinated interferon gamma-deficient mice challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi: modulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha","volume":"10","author":"Christopherson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01745.x","article-title":"Linking disease and community ecology through behavioural indicators: immunochallenge of white-footed mice and its ecological impacts","volume":"80","author":"Schwanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1995.1073","article-title":"Protective resistance to experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection of mice by adoptive transfer of a CD4+ T cell clone","volume":"162","author":"Rao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1416R.1","article-title":"Suppression of Th2 cytokines reduces tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi load in mice","volume":"94","author":"Zeidner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-36","article-title":"Indications of Th1 and Th17 responses in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis: a large retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Henningsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.01.002","article-title":"Interleukin-17: a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in inflammatory, infectious, and malignant disorders","volume":"83","author":"Saran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6107","article-title":"Microbial lipopeptides induce the production of IL-17 in Th cells","volume":"165","author":"Infante-Duarte","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3437-3442.2003","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-17 prevents the development of arthritis in vaccinated mice challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"71","author":"Burchill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23972","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi NapA-driven Th17 cell inflammation in Lyme arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Codolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix002","article-title":"T-helper 17 cell cytokine responses in Lyme disease correlate with Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies during early infection and with autoantibodies late in the illness in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Strle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx014","article-title":"Borrelia-primed and -infected mice deficient of interleukin-17 develop arthritis after neutralization of gamma-interferon","volume":"75","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadr1052","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adr1052","article-title":"Noncanonical functions of T follicular helper cells","volume":"10","author":"Dave","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004976","article-title":"Suppression of long-lived humoral immunity following Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"11","author":"Elsner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103735","article-title":"Delays and diversions mark the development of B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"188","author":"Hastey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200890","article-title":"Antigen-specific CD4 T cell and B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"211","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020189","article-title":"Effects of regulatory T cell depletion in BALB\/c mice infected with low doses of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"12","author":"Santiago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600409","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid T-regulatory cells recognize Borrelia burgdorferi NAPA in chronic Lyme borreliosis","volume":"26","author":"Amedei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7076","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7076","article-title":"IL-10 deficiency promotes increased Borrelia burgdorferi clearance predominantly through enhanced innate immune responses","volume":"177","author":"Lazarus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.004","article-title":"Complement evasion by Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"28","author":"Skare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2938-2940.2003","article-title":"Humoral immunity reflects altered T helper cell bias in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected gamma delta T-cell-deficient mice","volume":"71","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.568","article-title":"Sera from patients with chronic Lyme disease protect mice from Lyme borreliosis","volume":"169","author":"Fikrig","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.158","article-title":"Characterization of the borreliacidal antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi in humans: a serodiagnostic test","volume":"167","author":"Callister","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102332","article-title":"The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, as a model vector-borne pathogen: insights on regulation of gene and protein expression","volume":"74","author":"Stevenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166710","article-title":"BosR and PlzA reciprocally regulate RpoS function to sustain Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals","volume":"133","author":"Grassmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837621","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.837621","article-title":"Capture sequencing enables sensitive detection of tick-borne agents in human blood","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez-Vicente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000502","article-title":"Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Barbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.10.005","article-title":"Within-host dynamics of antigenic variation","volume":"6","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)80206-8","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3689-3697.1998","article-title":"Kinetics and in vivo induction of genetic variation of vlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05204.x","article-title":"Antigenic variation with a twist\u2014the Borrelia story","volume":"60","author":"Norris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05895.x","article-title":"The role of VlsE antigenic variation in the Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens","volume":"65","author":"Bankhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310108","article-title":"Temporal regulation of outer surface proteins of the Lyme-disease spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"31","author":"Schwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01923","article-title":"The RpoS gatekeeper in Borrelia burgdorferi: an invariant regulatory scheme that promotes spirochete persistence in reservoir hosts and niche diversity","volume":"10","author":"Caimano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031960","article-title":"Essential role for OspA\/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101","article-title":"Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: a protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals","volume":"101","author":"Grimm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03812","article-title":"The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host","volume":"436","author":"Ramamoorthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2234-2239.1996","article-title":"Outer surface protein C (OspC), but not P39, is a protective immunogen against a tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: evidence for a conformational protective epitope in OspC","volume":"64","author":"Gilmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00158-06","article-title":"Delineating the requirement for the Borrelia burgdorferi virulence factor OspC in the mammalian host","volume":"74","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000293","article-title":"Detailed analysis of sequence changes occurring during vlsE antigenic variation in the mouse model of Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"5","author":"Coutte","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012871","article-title":"Breaking a barrier: in trans vlsE recombination and genetic manipulation of the native vlsE gene of the Lyme disease pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061226","article-title":"Variable VlsE is critical for host reinfection by the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"8","author":"Rogovskyy","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00387-08","article-title":"The failure of immune response evasion by linear plasmid 28-1-deficient Borrelia burgdorferi is attributable to persistent expression of an outer surface protein","volume":"76","author":"Embers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80341-6","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi P35 and P37 proteins, expressed in vivo, elicit protective immunity","volume":"6","author":"Fikrig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B128","article-title":"The Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi causes barrier dysfunction and leaky gut syndrome","author":"Sachan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.08.007","article-title":"A roadmap for defining \"extrafollicular\" B cell responses","volume":"58","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae324","article-title":"Identification of major histocompatibility complex class II epitopes from Lyme autoantigen apolipoprotein B-100 and Borrelia burgdorferi Mcp4 in murine Lyme arthritis","volume":"230","author":"Danner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70066","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70066","article-title":"Extrafollicular B cell responses-is one tent big enough?","volume":"336","author":"Baumgarth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041238","article-title":"The shaping of a B cell pool maximally responsive to infections","volume":"39","author":"Baumgarth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-120419-022408","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"40","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B134","author":"Tran","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B135","first-page":"648","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evidence of B cell hyperactivity during Lyme disease","volume":"15","author":"Sigal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780220506","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: correlation of serum and cryoglobulin IgM with activity, and serum IgG with remission","volume":"22","author":"Steere","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.392","article-title":"Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"167","author":"Dressler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3090-3095.1993","article-title":"Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease","volume":"31","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.1.1-9.1996","article-title":"Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans","volume":"34","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1086\/322669","article-title":"Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10\u201320 years after active Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Kalish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.8.3033-3041.1992","article-title":"Evidence for B-lymphocyte mitogen activity in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01963773","article-title":"Comparison of Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"8","author":"Karlsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112683","article-title":"Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease: appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness","volume":"78","author":"Craft","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B144","first-page":"561","article-title":"The antibody response in Lyme disease","volume":"57","author":"Craft","year":"1984","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4696-4702.1993","article-title":"Passive immunizing activity of sera from mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"61","author":"Barthold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B146","first-page":"959","article-title":"Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"143","author":"Barthold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B147","first-page":"263","article-title":"Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease after intradermal inoculation of mice","volume":"139","author":"Barthold","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210906","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"321","author":"Steere","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725","article-title":"The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis","volume":"107","author":"Steere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(86)90640-9","article-title":"Reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"2","author":"Pfister","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00006","article-title":"Culture-confirmed infection and reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"127","author":"Nowakowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01644807","article-title":"Reinfection in erythema migrans disease","volume":"14","author":"Weber","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4043-4047.1997","article-title":"Duration of immunity to reinfection with tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi in naturally infected mice","volume":"65","author":"Piesman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1090","article-title":"Reinfection and relapse in early Lyme disease","volume":"75","author":"Krause","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03861-4","article-title":"The predictive value of CXCL13 in suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"39","author":"Knudtzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20486","article-title":"The nervous system as ectopic germinal center: CXCL13 and IgG in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"57","author":"Narayan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001824","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00018-24","article-title":"Suppression of host humoral immunity by Borrelia burgdorferi varies over the course of infection","volume":"92","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0126-6","article-title":"Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome symptomatology and the impact on life functioning: is there something here?","volume":"22","author":"Aucott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00057","article-title":"Post-treatment Lyme disease as a model for persistent symptoms in Lyme disease","volume":"7","author":"Rebman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093243","article-title":"Serum inflammatory mediators as markers of human Lyme disease activity","volume":"9","author":"Soloski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092303470568800_vlag052-B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01634","article-title":"Robust B cell responses predict rapid resolution of Lyme disease","volume":"9","author":"Blum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["ImmunoHorizons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/vlag052\/71320483\/vlag052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/vlag052\/71320483\/vlag052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1790149636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/immunohorizons\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/immhor\/vlag052\/8829087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/immhor\/vlag052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-7732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-7732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"article-number":"vlag052"}}