{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:24:56Z","timestamp":1782516296912,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","funder":[{"name":"Prevention Research Branch"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article summarizes the results from systematic reviews of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention interventions for people who use drugs (PWUD). We performed an overview of reviews, meta-analysis, meta-epidemiology, and PROSPERO Registration CRD42017070117.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV\/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Project database to identify quantitative systematic reviews of HIV public heath interventions with PWUD published during 2002\u20132017. We recombined results of US studies across reviews to quantify effects on HIV infections, continuum of HIV care, sexual risk, and 5 drug-related outcomes (sharing injection equipment, injection frequency, opioid use, general drug use, and participation in drug treatment). We conducted summary meta-analyses separately for reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experiments. We stratified effects by 5 intervention types: behavioral-psychosocial (BPS), syringe service programs (SSP), opioid agonist therapy (OAT), financial and scheduling incentives (FSI), and case management (CM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 16 eligible reviews including\u2005&amp;gt;140 US studies with\u2005&amp;gt;55\u2005000 participants. Summary effects among US studies were significant and favorable for 4 of 5 outcomes measured under RCT (eg, reduced opioid use; odds ratio [OR]\u2005=\u20050.70, confidence interval [CI]\u2005=\u20050.56\u20130.89) and all 6 outcomes under quasi-experiments (eg, reduced HIV infection [OR\u2005=\u20050.42, CI\u2005=\u20050.27\u20130.63]; favorable continuum of HIV care [OR\u2005=\u20050.68, CI\u2005=\u20050.53\u20130.88]). Each intervention type showed effectiveness on 1\u20136 outcomes. Heterogeneity was moderate to none for RCT but moderate to high for quasi-experiments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Behavioral-psychosocial, SSP, OAT, FSI, and CM interventions are effective in reducing risk of HIV and sequelae of injection and other drug use, and they have a continuing role in addressing the opioid crisis and Ending the HIV Epidemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1578543502000},"page":"S278-S300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention for People Who Use Drugs: Overview of Reviews and the ICOS of PICOS"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Wayne D","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Rivadeneira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebukola H","family":"Adegbite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF International, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary S","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie","family":"Rooks-Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E","family":"Wichser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICF International, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel H","family":"Higa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa Ann","family":"Sipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090213230583600_CIT0001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Substance","volume":"35","author":"Schulte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"2020090213230583600_CIT0002","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2020090213230583600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000310","article-title":"Psychosocial factors in adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive people who use drugs","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2020090213230583600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6830a1","article-title":"Injection practices and sexual behaviors among persons with diagnosed HIV infection who inject drugs - 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