{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:08:23Z","timestamp":1777615703514,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Massachusetts Department of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated to characterize a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreak in northeastern Massachusetts and prevent further transmission. We determined the contributions of HIV sequence data to defining the outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus surveillance and partner services data were analyzed to understand social and molecular links within the outbreak. Cases were defined as HIV infections diagnosed during 2015\u20132018 among people who inject drugs with connections to northeastern Massachusetts or HIV infections among other persons named as partners of a case or whose HIV polymerase sequence linked to another case, regardless of diagnosis date or geography.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 184 cases, 65 (35%) were first identified as part of the outbreak through molecular analysis. Twenty-nine cases outside of northeastern Massachusetts were molecularly linked to the outbreak. Large molecular clusters (75, 28, and 11 persons) were identified. Among 161 named partners, 106 had HIV; of those, 40 (38%) diagnoses occurred through partner services.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus sequence data increased the case count by 55% and expanded the geographic scope of the outbreak. Human immunodeficiency virus sequence and partner services data each identified cases that the other method would not have, maximizing prevention and care opportunities for HIV-infected persons and their partners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1580414980000},"page":"S259-S267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outbreak Investigation Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Massachusetts Enhanced by HIV Sequence Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Tumpney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betsey","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nivedha","family":"Panneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R Paul","family":"McClung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellsworth M","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Roosevelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"DeMaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Buchacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William M","family":"Switzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheryl","family":"Lyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cranston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6810a6","article-title":"Notes from the field: HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs - Northeastern Massachusetts, 2015\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Cranston","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001856","article-title":"Identifying clusters of recent and rapid HIV transmission through analysis of molecular surveillance data","volume":"79","author":"Oster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006000","article-title":"Social and genetic networks of HIV-1 transmission in New York City","volume":"13","author":"Wertheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001695","article-title":"Leveraging phylogenetics to understand HIV transmission and partner notification networks","volume":"78","author":"Pasquale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix307","article-title":"Detailed transmission network analysis of a large opiate-driven outbreak of HIV infection in the United States","volume":"216","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0006","volume-title":"Guide to Surveillance, Reporting and Control","author":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020090213232260100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy016","article-title":"HIV-TRACE (TRAnsmission Cluster Engine): a tool for large scale molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 and other rapidly evolving pathogens","volume":"35","author":"Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/Supplement_5\/S259\/33708141\/jiaa053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/Supplement_5\/S259\/33708141\/jiaa053.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T19:13:06Z","timestamp":1599073986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/222\/Supplement_5\/S259\/5900605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}