{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T01:39:25Z","timestamp":1774575565383,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA041747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA041747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DA040500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA040500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37DA019829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37DA019829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at a disproportionately high risk of HIV infection. We aimed to determine the highest-valued combination implementation strategies to reduce the burden of HIV among PWID in 6 US cities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using a dynamic HIV transmission model calibrated for Atlanta, Baltimore, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and Seattle, we assessed the value of implementing combinations of evidence-based interventions at optimistic (drawn from best available evidence) or ideal (90% coverage) scale-up. We estimated reduction in HIV incidence among PWID, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for each city (10-year implementation; 20-year horizon; 2018 $ US).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Combinations that maximized health benefits contained between 6 (Atlanta and Seattle) and 12 (Miami) interventions with ICER values ranging from $94 069\/QALY in Los Angeles to $146\u2005256\/QALY in Miami. These strategies reduced HIV incidence by 8.1% (credible interval [CI], 2.8%\u201313.2%) in Seattle and 54.4% (CI, 37.6%\u201373.9%) in Miami. Incidence reduction reached 16.1%\u201375.5% at ideal scale.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence-based interventions targeted to PWID can deliver considerable value; however, ending the HIV epidemic among PWID will require innovative implementation strategies and supporting programs to reduce social and structural barriers to care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T20:11:03Z","timestamp":1584648663000},"page":"S301-S311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ending the HIV Epidemic Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Six US Cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Krebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong E","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czarina N","family":"Behrends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia C","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Feaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly A","family":"Gebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti H","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R","family":"Metsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce R","family":"Schackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie A","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Localized HIV Modeling Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czarina N","family":"Behrends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia C","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Feaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly A","family":"Gebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti H","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R","family":"Metsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce R","family":"Schackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie A","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Shoptaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czarina N","family":"Behrends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia C","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Feaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly A","family":"Gebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti H","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R","family":"Metsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce R","family":"Schackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie A","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Shoptaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30292-3","article-title":"Elimination of HIV transmission through novel and established prevention strategies among people who inject drugs","volume":"6","author":"Reddon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1343","article-title":"Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States","volume":"321","author":"Fauci","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60742-8","article-title":"Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed","volume":"376","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30045-0","article-title":"Relative effects of antiretroviral therapy and harm reduction initiatives on HIV incidence in British Columbia, Canada, 1996\u20132013: a modelling study","volume":"4","author":"Nosyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0005","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097596","article-title":"Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections","volume":"9","author":"Lansky","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217559","article-title":"Developing a dynamic HIV transmission model for 6 U.S. cities: An evidence synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Krebs","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1507252","article-title":"Threading the needle\u2013how to stop the HIV outbreak in rural Indiana","volume":"373","author":"Strathdee","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrated prevention services for HIV infection, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis for persons who use drugs illicitly: summary guidance from CDC and the US Department of Health and Human Services","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1962-8","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of long-term outpatient buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for opioid dependence in primary care","volume":"27","author":"Schackman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0011","first-page":"2144","article-title":"Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Aspinall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002312","article-title":"Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention portfolios for people who inject drugs in the United States: a model-based analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0611","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of publicly funded treatment of opioid use disorder in California","volume":"168","author":"Krebs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2634","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of HIV preexposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"165","author":"Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.6390","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"321","author":"Owens","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2166-6","article-title":"Building the case for localized approaches to HIV: structural conditions and health system capacity to address the HIV\/AIDS epidemic in six US cities","volume":"22","author":"Panagiotoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X19889356","article-title":"Development and calibration of a dynamic HIV transmission model for 6 US cities","volume":"40","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30148-1","article-title":"Combined estimation of disease progression and retention on antiretroviral therapy among treated individuals with HIV in the USA: a modelling study","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064789","article-title":"Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US metropolitan areas 1992\u20132007","volume":"8","author":"Tempalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0020","volume-title":"HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among persons who inject drugs\u2014national HIV behavioral surveillance: injection drug use, 20 U.S. cities, 2012. HIV surveillance special report","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0021","volume-title":"HIV infection risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among men who have sex with men\u2014national HIV behavioral surveillance, 20 U.S. cities, 2014","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5365","article-title":"Estimating the population sizes of men who have sex with men in US states and counties using data from the American community survey","volume":"2","author":"Grey","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1015","article-title":"Ending the epidemic in America will not happen if the status quo continues: modeled projections for HIV incidence in 6 US cities","volume":"69","author":"Nosyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0025","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002455","article-title":"The impact of localized implementation: determining the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention and care interventions delivered across six United States cities","volume":"34","author":"Krebs","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.4683","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection integrated with municipal- and community-based sexual health services","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001299","article-title":"Expanded HIV testing strategy leveraging the electronic medical record uncovers undiagnosed infection among hospitalized patients","volume":"75","author":"Felsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0617-x","article-title":"Improving HIV screening and receipt of results by nurse-initiated streamlined counseling and rapid testing","volume":"23","author":"Anaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300460","article-title":"Implementing rapid HIV testing with or without risk-reduction counseling in drug treatment centers: results of a randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Metsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161772.51900.eb","article-title":"Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care","volume":"19","author":"Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy103","article-title":"Using registry data to construct a comparison group for programmatic effectiveness evaluation: the New York City HIV care coordination program","volume":"187","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00003","article-title":"Efficacy of a clinical decision-support system in an HIV practice: a randomized trial","volume":"157","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001134","article-title":"The effect of same-day observed initiation of antiretroviral therapy on HIV viral load and treatment outcomes in a us public health setting","volume":"74","author":"Pilcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu357","article-title":"Enhanced personal contact with HIV patients improves retention in primary care: a randomized trial in 6 US HIV clinics","volume":"59","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000707","article-title":"Outcomes of a clinic-based surveillance-informed intervention to relink patients to HIV care","volume":"70","author":"Bove","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5945","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5945","article-title":"Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"345","author":"MacArthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0038","volume-title":"WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users\u20132012 revision","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33078-2","article-title":"Management of opioid use disorder in the USA: present status and future directions","volume":"393","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw416","article-title":"Impact of opioid substitution therapy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Low","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116694","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of brief and expanded evidence-based risk reduction interventions for HIV-infected people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ476","article-title":"The effects of opioid substitution treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the cause-specific risk of mortality among HIV-positive people who inject drugs","volume":"61","author":"Nosyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13437","article-title":"\u2018PrEP is not ready for our community, and our community is not ready for PrEP\u2019: pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV for people who inject drugs and limits to the HIV prevention response","volume":"112","author":"Guise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12195","article-title":"Recommendations for conduct, methodological practices, and reporting of cost-effectiveness analyses: second panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine","volume":"316","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139506779","volume-title":"Decision making in health and medicine: integrating evidence and values","author":"Hunink","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7621","article-title":"Prevention of prescription opioid misuse and projected overdose deaths in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0047","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0048","author":"Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6830a1","article-title":"Injection practices and sexual behaviors among persons with diagnosed HIV infection who inject drugs\u2014United States, 2015\u20132017","volume":"68","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302664","article-title":"National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05162","article-title":"Medication treatment for opioid use disorders in substance use treatment facilities","volume":"38","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13597","article-title":"Improving the effectiveness and delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to people who inject drugs","volume":"112","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0053","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2284-1","article-title":"Undiagnosed and untreated HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: results of three national HIV behavioral surveillance surveys, San Francisco, 2009\u20132015","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21167","article-title":"HIV viral load and transmissibility of HIV infection: undetectable equals untransmittable","volume":"321","author":"Eisinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146119","article-title":"Geographic variations in retention in care among HIV-infected adults in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Rebeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit003","article-title":"Trends and disparities in antiretroviral therapy initiation and virologic suppression among newly treatment-eligible HIV-infected individuals in North America, 2001\u20132009","volume":"56","author":"Hanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0655","article-title":"For many served by the Ryan White HIV\/AIDS Program, disparities in viral suppression decreased, 2010\u201314","volume":"36","author":"Doshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001039","article-title":"HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks","volume":"30","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6815a2","article-title":"Outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus infection among heterosexual persons who are living homeless and inject drugs\u2014Seattle, Washington, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Golden","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020101904352497100_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02420-z","article-title":"Characteristics of persons who inject drugs with recent HIV infection in the United States: national HIV behavioral surveillance, 2012","volume":"23","author":"Chapin-Bardales","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/Supplement_5\/S301\/33940702\/jiaa130.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/Supplement_5\/S301\/33940702\/jiaa130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T09:46:10Z","timestamp":1603100770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/222\/Supplement_5\/S301\/5900595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa130","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}