{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:29:05Z","timestamp":1793406545562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Military Infectious Disease Research Program"},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001160","name":"Australian Society for Parasitology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"Victorian State Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RTS,S is the leading malaria vaccine candidate but only confers partial efficacy against malaria in children. RTS,S is based on the major Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface antigen, circumsporozoite protein (CSP). The induction of anti-CSP antibodies is important for protection; however, it is unclear how these protective antibodies function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We quantified the induction of functional anti-CSP antibody responses in healthy malaria-naive adults (N\u2005=\u200545) vaccinated with RTS,S\/AS01. This included the ability to mediate effector functions via the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, such as interacting with human complement proteins and Fc\u03b3-receptors (Fc\u03b3Rs) that are expressed on immune cells, which promote various immunological functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our major findings were (1) RTS,S-induced antibodies mediated Fc-dependent effector functions, (2) functional antibodies were generally highest after the second vaccine dose, (3) functional antibodies targeted multiple regions of CSP, (4) participants with higher levels of functional antibodies had a reduced probability of developing parasitemia following homologous challenge (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05), and (5) nonprotected subjects had higher levels of anti-CSP IgM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest a role for Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in RTS,S-induced immunity. Enhancing the induction of these functional activities may be a strategy to improve the protective efficacy of RTS,S or other malaria vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT00075049<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1585551999000},"page":"1128-1138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Multifunctional Antibodies Are Induced by the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Associated With Protection in a Phase 1\/2a Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Liriye","family":"Kurtovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanmaya","family":"Atre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Vaccine Branch, US Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoqian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D","family":"Wines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Anne","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Herston, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien R","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Mark","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freya J I","family":"Fowkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke S","family":"Bergmann-Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Vaccine Branch, US Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James 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