{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:48:56Z","timestamp":1790376536913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"France Recherche Nord&Sud Sida-hiv H\u00e9patites"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe bacterial infections are the first cause of morbidity in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). We aimed to assess their incidence and to analyze their determinants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals aged at least 15 years and prospectively followed between 2006 and 2015 in the French Hospital Database on HIV. The Andersen and Gill model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), focusing on heavy alcohol use and neutrophil function-altering comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 25 795 participants, 1414 developed 1883 severe bacterial infections. Between 2006 and 2009 and 2013 and 2015, the incidence fell from 13.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.3\u201314.1) to 7.1 (95% CI, 6.3\u20137.8) per 1000 person-years. Heavy alcohol use was associated with an increased risk of severe bacterial infection (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1\u20131.7 for 40\u201380 g\/day and HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2\u20132.1 for &amp;gt;80 g\/day), as were diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage liver disease (HR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0\u20131.4 when 1 comorbidity; HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.6\u20133.4 when more than 1 comorbidity), and nonacquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining malignancy (HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6\u20132.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heavy alcohol use was associated with an increased risk of severe bacterial infection, as were neutrophil function-altering comorbidities. Controlled-drinking approaches should be promoted and comorbidity management should be strengthened in PWH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T03:28:51Z","timestamp":1585798131000},"page":"765-776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk of Severe Bacterial Infection in People Living Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Era"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Hugues","family":"Melliez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Paris, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Gustave Dron, Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Tourcoing, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital de la R\u00e9gion de Saint-Omer, Service de M\u00e9decine Interne, Helfaut, 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine","family":"Duvivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Centre M\u00e9dical de l\u2019Institut Pasteur, Centre d\u2019Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Pavie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, Service d\u2019Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Siguier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, Paris, 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