{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:11:29Z","timestamp":1787778689675,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI139361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI139361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI135037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI135037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM130900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM130900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our understanding of the different effects of targeted versus nontargeted violence on Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used time-series data of case counts to compare individuals in Ebola-affected health zones in DRC, April 2018\u2013August 2019. Exposure was number of violent events per health zone, categorized into Ebola-targeted or Ebola-untargeted, and into civilian-induced, (para)military\/political, or protests. Outcome was estimated daily reproduction number (Rt) by health zone. We fit linear time-series regression to model the relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Average Rt was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02\u20131.11). A mean of 2.92 violent events resulted in cumulative absolute increase in Rt of 0.10 (95% CI, .05\u2013.15). More violent events increased EBOV transmission (P\u2005=\u2005.03). Considering violent events in the 95th percentile over a 21-day interval and its relative impact on Rt, Ebola-targeted events corresponded to Rt of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.30\u20131.74), while civilian-induced events corresponded to Rt of 1.43 (95% CI, 1.21\u20131.35). Untargeted events corresponded to Rt of 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02\u20131.35); among these, militia\/political or ville morte events increased transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ebola-targeted violence, primarily driven by civilian-induced events, had the largest impact on EBOV transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T07:06:34Z","timestamp":1586156794000},"page":"2021-2029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Impact of Different Types of Violence on Ebola Virus Transmission During the 2018\u20132020 Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"John Daniel","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Rae","family":"Wannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Sinai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin A","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Firearm Injury Policy and Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. 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Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernice","family":"Selo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathais","family":"Mossoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Chowell-Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Holland","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Okitolonda-Wemakoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Jacques","family":"Muyembe-Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne W","family":"Rimoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis C","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"F. 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