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However, the impact of pre-existing Mtb infection on subsequent HIV infection has not been fully explored. We hypothesized that Mtb infection creates an immunological environment that influences the course of HIV infection, and we investigated whether pre-existing Mtb infection impacts the susceptibility of CD4+\u2005T cells to HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma and blood CD4+\u2005T cells isolated from HIV-negative individuals across the Mtb infection spectrum and non-Mtb-infected control individuals were analyzed for inflammation markers and T-cell phenotypes. CD4+\u2005T cells were infected with HIV-1 in vitro and were monitored for viral replication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed differences in proinflammatory cytokines and the relative proportion of memory T-cell subsets depending on Mtb infection status. CD4+\u2005T cells derived from individuals with latent Mtb infection supported more efficient HIV-1 transcription, release, and replication. Enhanced HIV-1 replication correlated with higher percentages of CD4+ TEM and TTD cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre-existing Mtb infection creates an immunological environment that reflects Mtb infection status and influences the susceptibility of CD4+\u2005T cells to HIV-1 replication. These findings provide cellular and molecular insights into how pre-existing Mtb infection influences HIV-1 pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T19:08:19Z","timestamp":1589051299000},"page":"1550-1560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Enhanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Replication in CD4+ T Cells Derived From Individuals With Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Xianbao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared J","family":"Eddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen R","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M","family":"Agosto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110419124826100_CIT0001","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2019","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020110419124826100_CIT0002","article-title":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS). 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