{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:19:18Z","timestamp":1778915958195,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261200800001E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261200800001E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In chronic HIV infection, virus-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells showed expression of checkpoint receptors and impaired function. Therefore, restoration of CD8 T-cell function is critical in cure strategies. Here, we show that in vitro blockade of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) by an anti-PD-L1 antibody (avelumab) in combination with recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) synergistically enhanced cytokine secretion by proliferating HIVGag-specific CD8 T cells. In addition, these CD8 T cells have a CXCR3+PD1\u2212\/low phenotype, suggesting a potential to traffic into peripheral tissues. In vitro, proliferating CD8 T cells express PD-L1 suggesting that anti-PD-L1 treatment also targets virus-specific CD8 T cells. Together, these data indicate that rhIL-15\/avelumab combination therapy could be a useful strategy to enhance CD8 T-cell function in cure strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T19:15:59Z","timestamp":1589570159000},"page":"1540-1549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Combination rhIL-15 and Anti-PD-L1 (Avelumab) Enhances HIVGag-Specific CD8 T-Cell Function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Bruktawit A","family":"Goshu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Catalfamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110419120364300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12065","article-title":"Immune activation and HIV persistence: implications for curative approaches to HIV infection","volume":"254","author":"Klatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2020110419120364300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810032105","article-title":"HIV infection-associated immune activation occurs by two distinct pathways that differentially affect CD4 and CD8 T 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