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Phylogenetic relationships among viral sequences were estimated by maximum likelihood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained 6078 near full-length HIV-1C genome sequences from 6075 PLWH. We identified 984 phylogenetically distinct HIV-1 lineages (molecular HIV clusters) circulating in Botswana by mid-2018, with 2\u201327 members per cluster. Of these, dyads accounted for 62%, approximately 32% (n\u2005=\u2005316) were found in single communities, and 68% (n\u2005=\u2005668) were spread across multiple communities. Men in clusters were approximately 3 years older than women (median age 42 years, vs 39 years; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001). In 65% of clusters, men were older than women, while in 35% of clusters women were older than men. The majority of identified viral lineages were spread across multiple communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A large number of circulating phylogenetically distinct HIV-1C lineages (molecular HIV clusters) suggests highly diversified HIV transmission networks across Botswana communities by 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T15:10:13Z","timestamp":1590505813000},"page":"1670-1680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mapping of HIV-1C Transmission Networks Reveals Extensive Spread of Viral Lineages Across Villages in Botswana Treatment-as-Prevention Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Vlad","family":"Novitsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. 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