{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:36:08Z","timestamp":1784558168703,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been implicated as the major cytokine responsible for the modulation of parasite-specific responses in filarial infections; however, the role of other IL-10 superfamily members in filarial infection is less well studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from loiasis patients were stimulated with or without filarial antigen. Cytokine production was quantified using a Luminex platform and T-cell expression patterns were assessed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All patients produced significant levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-9 in response to filarial antigen, indicating a common infection-driven response. When comparing microfilaria (mf)-positive and mf-negative patients, there were no significant differences in spontaneous cytokine nor in parasite-driven IL-10, IL-22, or IL-28a production. In marked contrast, mf-positive individuals had significantly increased filarial antigen-driven IL-24 and IL-19 compared to mf-negative subjects. mf-positive patients also demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of T cells producing IL-19 in comparison to mf-negative patients. T-cell expression of IL-19 and IL-24 was positively regulated by IL-10 and IL-1\u03b2. IL-24 production was also regulated by IL-37.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These data provide an important link between IL-10 and its related family members IL-19 and IL-24 in the modulation of the immune response in human filarial infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT00001230.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T19:10:00Z","timestamp":1591989000000},"page":"297-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["IL-10 and Its Related Superfamily Members IL-19 and IL-24 Provide Parallel\/Redundant Immune-Modulation in <i>Loa loa<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021020316175242300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1086\/524301","article-title":"CD4+ (and not CD25+) T cells are the predominant interleukin-10-producing cells in the circulation of filaria-infected patients","volume":"197","author":"Mitre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021020316175242300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.03.009","article-title":"Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: consequences and mechanisms","volume":"212","author":"van Riet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2021020316175242300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112982","article-title":"Parasite-specific anergy in human filariasis. 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