{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:10:07Z","timestamp":1777392607354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC000129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC000129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC012595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC012595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Otitis media (OM) is a common and potentially serious disease of childhood. Although OM is multifactorial on origin, bacterial infection is a unifying component. Many studies have established a critical role for innate immunity in bacterial clearance and OM resolution. A key component of innate immunity is the recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells, including macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the role of macrophages in OM, we evaluated the expression of genes related to macrophage function during a complete episode of acute OM in the mouse caused by middle ear (ME) inoculation with Haemophilus influenzae. We also combined CCR2 deficiency with chlodronate liposome toxicity to deplete macrophages during OM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Macrophage genes were robustly regulated during OM. Moreover, macrophage depletion enhanced and prolonged the infiltration of neutrophils into the infected ME and increased the persistence of bacterial infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results illustrate the critical role played by macrophages in OM resolution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T19:11:25Z","timestamp":1592421085000},"page":"333-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Macrophage Depletion in CCR2\u2212\/\u2212 Mice Delays Bacterial Clearance and Enhances Neutrophil Infiltration in an Acute Otitis Media Model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Dong Gu","family":"Hur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arwa","family":"Kurabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Woo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Spriggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen F","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021020316175926300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001216","article-title":"Ten-year study of acute otitis media in Rochester, NY","volume":"35","author":"Pichichero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021020316175926300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24190","article-title":"Incremental health care utilization and costs for acute otitis media in children","volume":"124","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2021020316175926300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198203000-00008","article-title":"Language delay in infants associated with middle ear disease and mild, fluctuating hearing impairment","volume":"1","author":"Friel-Patti","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021020316175926300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.3.685","article-title":"Otitis media in infancy and intellectual ability, school achievement, speech, and language at age 7 years. 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