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We examine the cellular origin of plasma microvesicles (MVs), a type of ectocytosis-derived EV, the presence of mitochondria in MVs, and their relationship to circulating cell-free mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (ccf-mtDNA) in HIV-infected patients and controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five participant groups were defined: 30 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive; 30 ART-treated with nondetectable viremia; 30 elite controllers; 30 viremic controllers; and 30 HIV-uninfected controls. Microvesicles were quantified and characterized from plasma samples by flow cytometry. MitoTrackerDeepRed identified MVs containing mitochondria and ccf-mtDNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microvesicle numbers were expanded at least 10-fold in all HIV-infected groups compared with controls. More than 79% were platelet-derived MVs. Proportions of MVs containing mitochondria (22.3% vs 41.6%) and MV mitochondrial density (706 vs 1346) were significantly lower among HIV-infected subjects than controls, lowest levels for those on ART. Microvesicle numbers correlated with ccf-mtDNA levels that were higher among HIV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A massive release of platelet-derived MVs occurs during HIV infection. Some MVs contain mitochondria, but their proportion and mitochondrial densities were lower in HIV infection than in controls. Platelet-derived MVs may be biomarkers of platelet activation, possibly reflecting pathogenesis even in absence of HIV replication.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T11:12:09Z","timestamp":1592910729000},"page":"1040-1049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Massive Release of CD9+ Microvesicles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Regardless of Virologic Control"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Poveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, 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Ferrol, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nieves","family":"Valcarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital Ferrol, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz\/IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3501-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz\/IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General de Elche and Miguel 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