{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:15:13Z","timestamp":1789388113675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201808110125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808110125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81773533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81761128006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81761128006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Science Initiative for Innovative Medicine","award":["2017-I2M-3\u2013005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-I2M-3\u2013005"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Science Initiative for Innovative Medicine","award":["2016-I2M-1\u2013019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-I2M-1\u2013019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>How vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis, Candida spp, and Trichomonas vaginalis affect persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is not well established. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between common vaginal infections and cervical non-HPV16\/18 infection, as risk factors associated with persistence of nonvaccine HPV types will become increasingly relevant in the setting of HPV vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed an analysis in 2039 AS04-HPV16\/18\u2013vaccinated women enrolled in a phase II\/III trial in China, who were HPV DNA negative at month 0 and 6 and had at least 1 subsequent follow-up visit. Vaginal infections were detected in liquid-based cytology according to the diagnostic criteria of the Bethesda System. Associations between vaginal infections and incident and 6-month persistent non-HPV16\/18 infections in the cervix were evaluated using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for the age at initial vaccination, as well as HPV types in the persistence analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Study visits with any vaginal infection had a statistically significant increased risk of incident non-HPV16\/18 infection compared to those without vaginal infections (odds ratio [OR], 1.44 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.09\u20131.92]). However, vaginal infections were not associated with 6-month persistent non-HPV16\/18 infection (OR, 1.02 [95% CI, .62\u20131.69]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study suggests that common vaginal infections are not associated with persistence of non-HPV16\/18 infection among HPV16\/18-vaccinated women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T11:20:51Z","timestamp":1593256851000},"page":"445-451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association Between Common Vaginal Infections and Cervical Non\u2013Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16\/18 Infection in HPV-Vaccinated Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Shang-Ying","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina H","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin-Jing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua N","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Hildesheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang-Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aim\u00e9e R","family":"Kreimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.015","article-title":"The natural history of human papillomavirus infection","volume":"47","author":"de Sanjos\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05979-11","article-title":"Evaluation of any or type-specific persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus for detecting cervical precancer","volume":"50","author":"Marks","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-1108","article-title":"Early natural history of incident, type-specific human papillomavirus infections in newly sexually active young women","volume":"20","author":"Winer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.12.015","article-title":"Risk of high-risk human papillomavirus infection and cervical precancerous lesions with past or current trichomonas infection: a pooled analysis of 25 054 women in rural China","volume":"99\u2013100","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.12.007","article-title":"Association between high risk human papillomavirus infection and co-infection with Candida spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis in women with cervical premalignant and malignant lesions","volume":"87","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045201","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Gillet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5258","article-title":"The causes and prevention of cancer","volume":"92","author":"Ames","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0008","first-page":"CD009069","article-title":"Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors","volume":"5","author":"Arbyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database System Rev"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa011","article-title":"Evaluation of durability of a single-dose of the bivalent HPV vaccine: the CVT Trial [manuscript published online ahead of print 24 February 2020]","author":"Kreimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28896","article-title":"Baseline prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in healthy Chinese women aged 18-25 years enrolled in a clinical trial","volume":"135","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6195","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2399","article-title":"Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16\/18 vaccine in Chinese women aged 18-25 years: End-of-study results from a phase II\/III, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11074-5","article-title":"Definitions, criteria, and explanatory notes","volume-title":"The Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology","author":"Nayar","year":"2015","edition":"3"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000314017","article-title":"Epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus infection detected by real-time PCR in Flanders","volume":"70","author":"Depuydt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086266","article-title":"Association of Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women","volume":"8","author":"Donders","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178033","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of the relationship between common lower genital tract infections and high-risk human papillomavirus infections among women in Beijing, China","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1086\/427777","article-title":"Effects of bacterial vaginosis and other genital infections on the natural history of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-1-infected and high-risk HIV-1-uninfected women","volume":"191","author":"Watts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-16","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses and genital co-infections in gynaecological outpatients","volume":"9","author":"Verteramo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0018","first-page":"1021","article-title":"An association of cervical inflammation with high-grade cervical neoplasia in women infected with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)","volume":"10","author":"Castle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.11.009","article-title":"An association between Trichomonas vaginalis and high-risk human papillomavirus in rural Tanzanian women undergoing cervical cancer screening","volume":"36","author":"Lazenby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.10.005","article-title":"Associations between vaginal infections and potential high-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in female sex workers in western Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Menon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22947","article-title":"Candida and dysbacteriosis: a cytologic, population-based study of 100 605 asymptomatic women concerning cervical carcinogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Engberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0022","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: is there an association or is co-existence incidental?","volume":"18","author":"Sodhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/028418600431003","article-title":"Gynaecological infections as risk determinants of subsequent cervical neoplasia","volume":"39","author":"Viikki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0203-0","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: what do we know and where are we going next?","volume":"4","author":"Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09842-6","article-title":"Characterization of cervico-vaginal microbiota in women developing persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection","volume":"7","author":"Di Paola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20257","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and invasive cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of the IARC multicentric case-control study","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20970","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection and persistence of human papillomavirus","volume":"116","author":"Silins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi262","article-title":"Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with persistence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus in a cohort of female adolescents","volume":"162","author":"Samoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-019-01261-w","article-title":"Association between human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis infection risk in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Naldini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2011.049775","article-title":"Does chlamydial infection increase the risk of cervical dysplasia?","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200307000-00009","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 2, and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 are not associated with grade of cervical neoplasia in Jamaican colposcopy patients","volume":"30","author":"Castle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq436","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and risk of prevalent and incident cervical premalignancy in a population-based cohort","volume":"102","author":"Safaeian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051431","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse in women with persistent human papillomavirus infection: a cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.044354","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"87","author":"Lehtinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0035","first-page":"321","article-title":"Vaginitis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"97","author":"Paladine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n3p8","article-title":"Diagnostic value of Amsel\u2019s clinical criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"7","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_607.x","article-title":"Validation of the use of Pap-stained vaginal smears for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"115","author":"Eriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20256","article-title":"The diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Pap tests: correlation with PCR","volume":"32","author":"Aslan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"2021032204350659700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00449","article-title":"Multi-infection patterns and co-infection preference of 27 human papillomavirus types among 137 943 gynecological outpatients across China","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa384\/33579074\/jiaa384.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/223\/3\/445\/36650829\/jiaa384.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/223\/3\/445\/36650829\/jiaa384.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T04:35:35Z","timestamp":1616387735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/223\/3\/445\/5866538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}}}