{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:23:42Z","timestamp":1768321422875,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006827","name":"Florida Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CODNY-P-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CODNY-P-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-AI138815-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AI138815-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with resistance to antiretroviral therapy are vulnerable to adverse HIV-related health outcomes and can contribute to transmission of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) when nonvirally suppressed. The degree to which HIVDR contributes to disease burden in Florida\u2014the US state with the highest HIV incidence\u2013 is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We explored sociodemographic, ecological, and spatiotemporal associations of HIVDR. HIV-1 sequences (n\u2005=\u200534 447) collected during 2012\u20132017 were obtained from the Florida Department of Health. HIVDR was categorized by resistance class, including resistance to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase , nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase , protease , and integrase inhibitors. Multidrug resistance and transmitted drug resistance were also evaluated. Multivariable fixed-effects logistic regression models were fitted to associate individual- and county-level sociodemographic and ecological health indicators with HIVDR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The HIVDR prevalence was 19.2% (nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor resistance), 29.7% (nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor resistance), 6.6% (protease inhibitor resistance), 23.5% (transmitted drug resistance), 13.2% (multidrug resistance), and 8.2% (integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance), with significant variation by Florida county. Individuals who were older, black, or acquired HIV through mother-to-child transmission had significantly higher odds of HIVDR. HIVDR was linked to counties with lower socioeconomic status, higher rates of unemployment, and poor mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings indicate that HIVDR prevalence is higher in Florida than aggregate North American estimates with significant geographic and socioecological heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T19:10:25Z","timestamp":1594062625000},"page":"866-875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sociodemographic, Ecological, and Spatiotemporal Factors Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance in Florida: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannan N","family":"Rich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karalee","family":"Poschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Department of Health, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, HIV\/AIDS Section, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, HIV Incidence and Case Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Mavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma C","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Department of Health, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, HIV\/AIDS Section, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9021-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Prosperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021030808201149700_CIT0001","volume-title":"World Health Organization. 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