{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:37:43Z","timestamp":1790426263497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could recur as seasonal outbreaks, a circulating pattern observed among other preexisting human seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs). However, little is known about seasonality of sCoVs on a global scale.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of data on seasonality of sCoVs. We compared seasonality of sCoVs with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. We modeled monthly activity of sCoVs using site-specific weather data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included sCoV seasonality data in 40 sites from 21 countries. sCoVs were prevalent in winter months in most temperate sites except for China, whereas sCoVs tended to be less seasonal in China and in tropical sites. In temperate sites excluding China, 53.1% of annual sCoV cases (interquartile range [IQR], 34.6%\u201361.9%) occurred during influenza season and 49.6% (IQR, 30.2%\u201360.2%) of sCoV cases occurred during respiratory syncytial virus season. Low temperature combined with high relative humidity was associated with higher sCoV activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is the first study that provides an overview of the global seasonality of sCoVs. Our findings offer clues to the possible postpandemic circulating season of SARS-CoV-2 and add to the knowledge pool necessary for postpandemic preparedness for SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T11:09:17Z","timestamp":1594811357000},"page":"1090-1097","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Global Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Clue for Postpandemic Circulating Season of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4795-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0002","author":"Johns Hopkins University"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11013","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11013","article-title":"Global spatio-temporal patterns of influenza in the post-pandemic era","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793","article-title":"Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period","volume":"368","author":"Kissler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30264-5","article-title":"Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0006","article-title":"GSODR: global summary daily weather data in R","volume":"2:177","author":"Sparks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0007","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. V3.5.2 ed","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0008","author":"Li"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals [manuscript published online ahead of print 18 June 2020]","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048019","article-title":"The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man","volume":"105","author":"Callow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30545-5","article-title":"Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","article-title":"Virus\u2013virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold","volume":"116","author":"Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa037","article-title":"What\u2019s new with the old coronaviruses?","volume":"9","author":"Ogimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2020090102021332400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa436\/33564737\/jiaa436.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/7\/1090\/33702825\/jiaa436.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/222\/7\/1090\/33702825\/jiaa436.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1598940143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/222\/7\/1090\/5874220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa436","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]}}}