{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:55:48Z","timestamp":1790693748433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative","award":["AID-687-G-13-00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-687-G-13-00003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In low-malaria\u2013transmission areas of Madagascar, annual parasite incidence (API) from routine data has been used to target indoor residual spraying at subdistrict commune level. To assess validity of this approach, we conducted school-based serological surveys and health facility (HF) data quality assessments in 7 districts to compare API to gold-standard commune-level serological measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At 2 primary schools in each of 93 communes, 60 students were randomly selected with parents and teachers. Capillary blood was drawn for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and serology. Multiplex bead-based immunoassays to detect antibodies to 5 Plasmodium falciparum antigens were conducted, and finite mixture models used to characterize seronegative and seropositive populations. Reversible catalytic models generated commune-level annual seroconversion rates (SCRs). HF register data were abstracted to assess completeness and accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RDT positivity from 12 770 samples was 0.5%. Seroprevalence to tested antigens ranged from 17.9% (MSP-1) to 59.7% (PF13). Median commune-level SCR was 0.0108 (range, 0.001\u20130.075). Compared to SCRs, API identified 71% (95% confidence interval, 51%\u201387%) of the 30% highest-transmission communes; sensitivity declined at lower levels. Routine data accuracy did not substantially affect API performance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>API performs reasonably well at identifying higher-transmission communes but sensitivity declined at lower transmission levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T19:13:27Z","timestamp":1596568407000},"page":"995-1004","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["School-Based Serosurveys to Assess the Validity of Using Routine Health Facility Data to Target Malaria Interventions in the Central Highlands of Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura C","family":"Steinhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Ravaoarisoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Harimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Hedje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett H","family":"Cotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sixte","family":"Zigirumugabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kesteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Fondation Merieux, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsikiniaina L","family":"Rasoloharimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rakotomalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anny M","family":"Randriamoramanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marius","family":"Rakotondramanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seheno","family":"Razanatsiorimalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Mercereau-Puijalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Insect Vectors Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Perraut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Ratsimbasoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program of Madagascar, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"L'Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire en Maladies Infectieuses de Marseille, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L'Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire en Maladies Infectieuses de Marseille, Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Piola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milijaona","family":"Randrianarivelojosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Vigan-Womas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0002","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1556-3","article-title":"Contemporary epidemiological overview of malaria in Madagascar: operational utility of reported routine case data for malaria control planning","volume":"15","author":"Howes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2206-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in Madagascar","volume":"17","author":"Ihantamalala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1060-4","article-title":"Spatio-temporal mapping of Madagascar\u2019s malaria indicator survey results to assess Plasmodium falciparum endemicity trends between 2011 and 2016","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0006","volume-title":"Rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la performance du syst\u00e8me d\u2019information sanitaire de routine (SISR) et de la surveillance int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de la maladie et la riposte (SIMR)","author":"Ly","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151068","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151068","article-title":"\u201cTazomoka is not a problem\u201d. Local perspectives on Malaria, fever case management and bed net use in Madagascar","volume":"11","author":"Mattern","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0008","author":"Institut National de la Statistique (INSTS), Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar IPM), ICF International","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0009","volume-title":"A framework for malaria elimination","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1086\/652456","article-title":"Identification of hot spots of malaria transmission for targeted malaria control","volume":"201","author":"Bousema","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001165","article-title":"Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination","volume":"9","author":"Bousema","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0653","article-title":"Application of serological tools and spatial analysis to investigate malaria transmission dynamics in highland areas of Southwest Uganda","volume":"94","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.023","article-title":"Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity?","volume":"23","author":"Corran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408725102","article-title":"Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure","volume":"102","author":"Drakeley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-274","article-title":"Comparison of surveillance methods applied to a situation of low malaria prevalence at rural sites in The Gambia and Guinea Bissau","volume":"8","author":"Satoguina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6083","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006083","article-title":"Rapid assessment of malaria transmission using age-specific sero-conversion rates","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-306","article-title":"Implementing school malaria surveys in Kenya: towards a national surveillance system","volume":"9","author":"Gitonga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-231","article-title":"The use of schools for malaria surveillance and programme evaluation in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Brooker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077641","article-title":"Reliability of school surveys in estimating geographic variation in malaria transmission in the western Kenyan highlands","volume":"8","author":"Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0020","author":"Institut National de la Statistique (INSTST), Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM), ICF Internatinal","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0868-z","article-title":"Implementation and application of a multiplex assay to detect malaria-specific antibodies: a promising tool for assessing malaria transmission in Southeast Asian pre-elimination areas","volume":"14","author":"Kerkhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-410","article-title":"Comparative analysis of IgG responses to Plasmodium falciparum MSP1p19 and PF13-DBL1\u03b11 using ELISA and a magnetic bead-based duplex assay (MAGPIX\u00ae-Luminex) in a Senegalese meso-endemic community","volume":"13","author":"Perraut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standardization of a multiplex magnetic bead-based for simultaneous detection of IgG to Plasmodium antigens","volume":"4","author":"Perraut","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Tech Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953","article-title":"Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2326-1","article-title":"Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax recent exposure in an area of significantly decreased transmission intensity in central Vietnam","volume":"17","author":"Kattenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2282-9","article-title":"Quantifying malaria endemicity in Ethiopia through combined application of classical methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: an initial step for countries with low transmission initiating elimination programme","volume":"17","author":"Birhanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2170-8","article-title":"Estimation on local transmission of malaria by serological approach under low transmission setting in Myanmar","volume":"17","author":"Nyunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1947-0","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology in low-endemicity areas of the northern coast of Ecuador: high prevalence of asymptomatic infections","volume":"16","author":"S\u00e1enz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0944-4","article-title":"Use of different transmission metrics to describe malaria epidemiology in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Stevenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0303","article-title":"Taking sharper pictures of malaria with CAMERAs: combined antibodies to measure exposure recency assays","volume":"99","author":"Greenhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt286","article-title":"Latent class models in diagnostic studies when there is no reference standard\u2013a systematic review","volume":"179","author":"van Smeden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22708-9","article-title":"Latent class modeling to compare testing platforms for detection of antibodies against the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen Pgp3","volume":"8","author":"Wiegand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1701-7","article-title":"Serology reveals heterogeneity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in northeastern South Africa: implications for malaria elimination","volume":"16","author":"Biggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0955-1","article-title":"Multiple comparisons analysis of serological data from an area of low Plasmodium falciparum transmission","volume":"14","author":"Rogier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0661-z","article-title":"Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity","volume":"14","author":"Sep\u00falveda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01333-07","article-title":"Duration of naturally acquired antibody responses to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum is age dependent and antigen specific","volume":"76","author":"Akpogheneta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021032911264070400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-82","article-title":"IgG antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in Kenyan children have a short half-life","volume":"6","author":"Kinyanjui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa476\/33717474\/jiaa476.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/223\/6\/995\/36784990\/jiaa476.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/223\/6\/995\/36784990\/jiaa476.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1617017278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/223\/6\/995\/5881873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa476","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]}}}