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A key factor promoting GBS virulence is the \u03b2-hemolysin\/cytolysin, a pigmented ornithine rhamnolipid (also known as granadaene) associated with the bacterial surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A previous study indicated that GBS produce small structures known as membrane vesicles (MVs), which contain virulence-associated proteins. In this study, we show that GBS MVs are pigmented and hemolytic, indicating that granadaene is functionally active in MVs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition, MVs from hyperhemolytic GBS induced greater cell death of neutrophils, T cells, and B cells compared with MVs from isogenic nonhemolytic GBS, implicating MVs as a potential mechanism for granadaene-mediated virulence. Finally, hemolytic MVs reduced oxidative killing of GBS and aggravated morbidity and mortality of neonatal mice infected with GBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These studies, taken together, reveal a novel mechanism by which GBS deploy a crucial virulence factor to promote bacterial dissemination and pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T15:11:40Z","timestamp":1598368300000},"page":"1488-1496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Hemolytic Membrane Vesicles of Group B Streptococcus Promote 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