{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:13:29Z","timestamp":1787314409898,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) have contributed to the rapid disappearance of paralytic poliomyelitis from developed countries despite possessing different vaccine properties. Due to cost, ease of use, and other properties, the Expanded Programme on Immunization added OPV to the routine infant immunization schedule for low-income countries in 1974, but variable vaccine uptake and impaired immune responses due to poor sanitation limited the impact. Following launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis incidence has been reduced by &amp;gt;99% and types 2 and 3 wild polioviruses are now eradicated, but progress against type 1 polioviruses which are now confined to Afghanistan and Pakistan has slowed due to insecurity, poor access, and other problems. A strategic, globally coordinated replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent 1, 3 OPV in 2016 reduced the incidence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) but allowed the escape of type 2 vaccine\u2013derived polioviruses (VDPV2) in areas with low immunization rates and use of monovalent OPV2 in response seeded new VDPV2 outbreaks and reestablishment of type 2 endemicity. A novel, more genetically stable type 2 OPV vaccine is undergoing clinical evaluation and may soon be deployed prevent or reduce VDPV2 emergences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T23:18:57Z","timestamp":1601507937000},"page":"S398-S404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Immunization Against Poliomyelitis and the Challenges to Worldwide Poliomyelitis Eradication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"John F","family":"Modlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine (Emeritus), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"},{"name":"Retired (formerly Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda S","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polio, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired (formerly World Health Organization), Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021093008011775700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S371","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.Supplement_2.S371","article-title":"Some observations on poliomyelitis lameness surveys","volume":"6","author":"Bernier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021093008011775700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199703000-00011","article-title":"Fifteen years of experience of Vero-produced enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine","volume":"16","author":"Vidor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ped Infect Dis 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