{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:25:27Z","timestamp":1787160327948,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["number 2016018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["number 2016018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013infected immunological nonresponders (INRs) fail to reconstitute their CD4+ T-cell pool after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and their prognosis is inferior to that of immunological responders (IRs). A prevailing hypothesis is that the INR phenotype is caused by a persistently disrupted mucosal barrier, but assessments of gut mucosal immunology in different anatomical compartments are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated circulating markers of mucosal dysfunction, immune activation, mucosal Th17 and Th22 cells, and mucosa-adherent microbiota signatures in gut mucosal specimens from sigmoid colon and terminal ileum of 19 INRs and 20 IRs in addition to 20 HIV-negative individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>INRs had higher blood levels of the enterocyte damage marker intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein than IRs. In gut mucosal biopsies, INRs had lower fractions of CD4+ T cells, higher fractions of interleukin 22, and a tendency to higher fractions of interleukin 17\u2013producing CD4+ T cells. These findings were all restricted to the colon and correlated to circulating markers of enterocyte damage. There were no observed differences in gut microbial composition between INRs and IRs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Restricted to the colon, enterocyte damage and mucosal immune dysfunction play a role for insufficient immune reconstitution in HIV infection independent of the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T07:08:55Z","timestamp":1605164935000},"page":"661-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected Immunological Nonresponders Have Colon-Restricted Gut Mucosal Immune Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Malin Holm","family":"Meyer-Myklestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asle Wilhelm","family":"Medhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina Berg","family":"Lorvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingebj\u00f8rg","family":"Seljeflot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology Ullev\u00e5l, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simen Hyll","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Stiksrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Tr\u00f8seid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes Roksund","family":"Hov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Kvale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Margarita","family":"Dyrhol-Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kummen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag Henrik","family":"Reikvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.38","article-title":"Loss of mucosal CD103+ DCs and IL-17+ and IL-22+ lymphocytes is associated with mucosal damage in SIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Klatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.72","article-title":"A role for mucosal IL-22 production and Th22 cells in HIV-associated mucosal immunopathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0032-5","article-title":"Intestinal damage precedes mucosal immune dysfunction in SIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Hensley-McBain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw258","article-title":"Gut mucosal barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and their role in HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"214(Suppl 2)","author":"Mudd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","article-title":"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Brenchley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000511","article-title":"Gut epithelial barrier and systemic inflammation during chronic HIV infection","volume":"29","author":"Somsouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq118","article-title":"Plasma levels of soluble CD14 independently predict mortality in HIV infection","volume":"203","author":"Sandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu238","article-title":"Gut epithelial barrier dysfunction and innate immune activation predict mortality in treated HIV infection","volume":"210","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu254","article-title":"Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non-AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment","volume":"210","author":"Tenorio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00441-w","article-title":"HIV and the gut microbiota: composition, consequences, and avenues for amelioration","volume":"16","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e359","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1235","article-title":"Impact of HIV-related gut microbiota alterations on metabolic comorbidities","volume":"71","author":"Gelpi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193ra91","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism","volume":"5","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.82","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and the gastrointestinal immune system: does highly active antiretroviral therapy restore gut immunity?","volume":"5","author":"Costiniuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.50","article-title":"Early initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy preserves immune function in the gut of HIV-infected patients","volume":"8","author":"K\u00f6k","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004543","article-title":"Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV-related immune activation","volume":"10","author":"Schuetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001801","article-title":"Suboptimal immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy with sustained HIV suppression in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"32","author":"Kroeze","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1086\/510746","article-title":"CD4+ cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virologic suppression","volume":"44","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy176","article-title":"Incomplete recovery of CD4 cell count, CD4 percentage, and CD4\/CD8 ratio in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and suppressed viremia during long-term antiretroviral therapy","volume":"67","author":"Mutoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002010","article-title":"CD4+ cell count recovery after combined antiretroviral therapy in the modern combined antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"32","author":"Roul","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156099","article-title":"Discordant immune response with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1: a systematic review of clinical outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835cb747","article-title":"Risk of clinical progression among patients with immunological nonresponse despite virological suppression after combination antiretroviral treatment","volume":"27","author":"Lapadula","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1086\/655144","article-title":"Low CD4+ T cell count is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease events in the HIV outpatient study","volume":"51","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir507","article-title":"Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells","volume":"204","author":"Lederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c93ce","article-title":"Immune activation, apoptosis, and Treg activity are associated with persistently reduced CD4+ T-cell counts during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"24","author":"Piconi","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001049","article-title":"Immunologic profiles distinguish aviremic HIV-infected adults","volume":"30","author":"Ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001080","article-title":"Plasma IP-10 is increased in immunological nonresponders and associated with activated regulatory T cells and persisting low CD4 counts","volume":"73","author":"Stiksrud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1086\/431484","article-title":"Characteristics, determinants, and clinical relevance of CD4 T cell recovery to &lt;500 cells\/microL in HIV type 1-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy","volume":"41","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2013.842897","article-title":"Immunodiscordant responses to HAART\u2013mechanisms and consequences","volume":"9","author":"Massanella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001015","article-title":"Impaired gut junctional complexes feature late-treated individuals with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell recovery upon virologically suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"30","author":"Tincati","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz423","article-title":"Plasma levels of C-type lectin REG3\u03b1 and gut damage in people with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"221","author":"Isnard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646723","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 in immunity: driving protection and pathology","volume":"47","author":"Eyerich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00426","article-title":"Microbiome dependent regulation of Tregs and Th17 cells in Mucosa","volume":"10","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395484","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/395484","article-title":"Analysis of Th17 and Tc17 frequencies and antiviral defenses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of chronic HIV-1 positive patients","volume":"2015","author":"d\u2019Ettorre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001627","article-title":"Higher levels of peripheral Th17 T CD4+ cells are associated with immunological non response in HIV-infected patients under effective ART","volume":"77","author":"De Benedetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.01.002","article-title":"Increase in frequencies of circulating Th-17 cells correlates with microbial translocation, immune activation and exhaustion in HIV-1 infected patients with poor CD4 T-cell reconstitution","volume":"221","author":"Valiathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3738","article-title":"Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system","volume":"14","author":"Mowat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32585-x","article-title":"Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01451","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and CD4 recovery in HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.02.011","article-title":"Altered virome and bacterial microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Monaco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized gut mucosal colonization resistance to empiric probiotics is associated with unique host and microbiome features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.01.032","article-title":"Gut microbiota linked to sexual preference and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Noguera-Julian","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283112d29","article-title":"Microbial translocation is associated with sustained failure in CD4+ T-cell reconstitution in HIV-infected patients on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Marchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000242819.72839.db","article-title":"Comparative analysis of T-cell turnover and homeostatic parameters in HIV-infected patients with discordant immune-virological responses to HAART","volume":"20","author":"Marchetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-43","article-title":"High T-cell immune activation and immune exhaustion among individuals with suboptimal CD4 recovery after 4 years of antiretroviral therapy in an African cohort","volume":"11","author":"Nakanjako","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000247588.69438.fd","article-title":"T-cell homeostasis alteration in HIV-1 infected subjects with low CD4 T-cell count despite undetectable virus load during HAART","volume":"20","author":"Marziali","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001205","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy suppressed participants with low CD4+ T-cell counts segregate according to opposite immunological phenotypes","volume":"30","author":"P\u00e9rez-Santiago","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004078","article-title":"HIV-infected individuals with low CD4\/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets, heightened CD8+ T cell activation, and increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality","volume":"10","author":"Serrano-Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa340","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa340","article-title":"Do Combination antiretroviral therapy regimens for HIV infection feature diverse T-cell phenotypes and inflammatory profiles?","volume":"7","author":"Tincati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022021508053362600_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000428","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral drugs on the microbiome: unknown answers to important questions","volume":"13","author":"Pinto-Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa714\/35747121\/jiaa714.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/225\/4\/661\/42508760\/jiaa714.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/225\/4\/661\/42508760\/jiaa714.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T03:24:05Z","timestamp":1644895445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/225\/4\/661\/5995605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa714","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]}}}