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Exploitation of serology to identify the causative agent is complicated by numerous factors, and no immunological test currently exists to determine unequivocally whether an individual currently is, or has been, infected with N. gonorrhoeae. The extensive antigenic variability of N. gonorrhoeae and its expression of antigens shared with other Neisseria species commonly carried in humans render problematic an assay that is specific for all gonococcal strains. However, novel conserved gonococcal antigens identified for potential vaccines may find additional application in diagnostic assays. N. gonorrhoeae also interferes with the adaptive immune response, and antibody responses to uncomplicated infection are usually weak. Elucidating the mechanisms whereby N. gonorrhoeae manipulates the human immune system may lead to improved understanding of the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T20:20:37Z","timestamp":1607977237000},"page":"S96-S102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immune Responses to <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>: Challenges and Opportunities With Respect to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Michael W","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2021081606004100800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.Suppl.S56","article-title":"Animal models for pathogenic Neisseria species","volume":"2","author":"Arko","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021081606004100800_CIT0002","first-page":"177","article-title":"Gonorrhoea in the chimpanzee. 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