{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:41:19Z","timestamp":1789771279460,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI119164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI119164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI144181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI144181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from ascension of sexually transmitted pathogens from the lower genital tract to the uterus and\/or fallopian tubes in women, with potential spread to neighboring pelvic organs. Patients may present acutely with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and pelvic organ tenderness. Many have subtle symptoms or are asymptomatic and present later with tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the 2 most commonly recognized PID pathogens. Their ability to survive within host epithelial cells and neutrophils highlights a need for T-cell\u2013mediated production of interferon \u03b3 in protection. Data indicate that for both pathogens, antibody can accelerate clearance by enhancing opsonophagocytosis and bacterial killing when interferon \u03b3 is present. A study of women with N. gonorrhoeae\u2013 and\/or C. trachomatis\u2013induced PID with histologic endometritis revealed activation of myeloid cell, cell death, and innate inflammatory pathways in conjunction with dampening of T-cell activation pathways. These findings are supported by multiple studies in mouse models of monoinfection with N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia spp. Both pathogens exert multiple mechanisms of immune evasion that benefit themselves and each other at the expense of the host. However, similarities in host immune mechanisms that defend against these 2 bacterial pathogens instill optimism for the prospects of a combined vaccine for prevention of PID and infections in both women and men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T15:13:04Z","timestamp":1611069184000},"page":"S39-S46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Due to\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    : Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Pathogenic Disease Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Darville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel 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