{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:33:43Z","timestamp":1774438423211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As part of the global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Network, 12 African countries referred cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to South Africa\u2019s regional reference laboratory. We evaluated the utility of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting and serotyping\/grouping Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (HNS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2008 to 2017, CSF samples collected from children &amp;lt;5 years old with suspected meningitis underwent routine microbiology testing in-country, and 11 680 samples were submitted for HNS PCR at the regional reference laboratory. Unconditional logistic regression, with adjustment for geographic location, was performed to identify factors associated with PCR positivity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall HNS PCR positivity rate for all countries was 10% (1195 of 11 626 samples). In samples with both PCR and culture results, HNS PCR positivity was 11% (744 of 6747 samples), and HNS culture positivity was 3% (207 of 6747). Molecular serotype\/serogroup was assigned in 75% of PCR-positive specimens (762 of 1016). Compared with PCR-negative CSF samples, PCR-positive samples were more often turbid (adjusted odds ratio, 6.80; 95% confidence interval, 5.67\u20138.17) and xanthochromic (1.72; 1.29\u20132.28), had elevated white blood cell counts (6.13; 4.71\u20137.99) and high protein concentrations (5.80; 4.34\u20137.75), and were more often HNS culture positive (32.70; 23.18\u201346.12).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PCR increased detection of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis in countries where confirmation of suspected meningitis cases is impeded by limited culture capacity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T20:18:24Z","timestamp":1613765904000},"page":"S194-S203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Molecular Testing in Pediatric Meningitis Surveillance in Southern and East African Countries, 2008\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Mignon","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"de Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pediatrico David Bernardino, Luanda, Angola"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negga Asamene","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology National Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Budiaki Sylvie","family":"Lula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology National Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Maseru, Lesotho"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia Liliane","family":"Raboba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Teaching Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e8re Enfant Tsaral\u00e0lana, Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aquino Albino","family":"Nhantumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elana","family":"Jantjies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namibia Institute of Pathology, Microbiology, and Windhoek Central Reference Laboratory, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannine","family":"Uwimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nomcebo","family":"Phungwayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Surveillance Laboratory, eSwatini Health Laboratory Services, eSwatini"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gugu","family":"Maphalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Surveillance Laboratory, eSwatini Health Laboratory Services, eSwatini"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Masona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Surveillance Laboratory, eSwatini Health Laboratory Services, eSwatini"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Muyombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Bacteriology Laboratory, Mulago Teaching Hospital, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nalumansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Bacteriology Laboratory, Mulago Teaching Hospital, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Odongkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Bacteriology Laboratory, Mulago Teaching Hospital, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chileshe","family":"Lukwesa-Musyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, University Teaching Hospital, Pathology and Microbiology Department, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Nakazwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, University Teaching Hospital, Pathology and Microbiology Department, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vongai","family":"Dondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harare Children\u2019s Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Macharaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harare Children\u2019s Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goitom G","family":"Weldegebriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Inter-Country Support Team, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Mwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Serhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam L","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World 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