{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:10:26Z","timestamp":1790791826954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1159351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1159351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute febrile illness in children is frequently treated with antibiotics. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured use of antibiotics for fever in 4 pediatric cohorts that were part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. In this network, 24 062 children were followed up weekly, capturing information on fever and other morbidity between October 2017 and December 2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An antibiotic was given in 27 183 of the 76 027 (35.8%) episodes of fever. The incidence of fever-related antibiotic use was 58.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2\u201358.6) per 100 child-years. The median time to initiation of antibiotics was 4 days, and in 65% of those who received an antibiotic it was initiated by the second day. Antibiotics were continued for &amp;lt;3 days in 24% of the episodes. Higher temperature, younger age, male sex, joint family, higher education, internet access, and availability of personal conveyance were associated with antibiotic treatment for fever.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In developing countries where antibiotic use is not regulated, broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated early, and often inappropriately, in febrile illness. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase risk of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T20:11:25Z","timestamp":1614283885000},"page":"S494-S501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibiotics for Fever Among Children: Findings From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Arun S","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikandan","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Kanungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7408-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bireshwar","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Research and Development\u2013Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramanujam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhosh Kumar","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathyapriya","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kulandaipalayam Natarajan","family":"Sindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winsley","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College, Vellore, 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