{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:28:28Z","timestamp":1791959308283,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1159351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1159351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Typhoid fever causes substantial global mortality, with almost half occurring in India. New typhoid vaccines are highly effective and recommended by the World Health Organization for high-burden settings. There is a need to determine whether and which typhoid vaccine strategies should be implemented in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed typhoid vaccination using a dynamic compartmental model, parameterized by and calibrated to disease and costing data from a recent multisite surveillance study in India. We modeled routine and 1-time campaign strategies that target different ages and settings. The primary outcome was cost-effectiveness, measured by incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) benchmarked against India\u2019s gross national income per capita (US$2130).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both routine and campaign vaccination strategies were cost-saving compared to the status quo, due to averted costs of illness. The preferred strategy was a nationwide community-based catchup campaign targeting children aged 1\u201315 years alongside routine vaccination, with an ICER of $929 per disability-adjusted life-year averted. Over the first 10 years of implementation, vaccination could avert 21\u201339 million cases and save $1.6\u2013$2.2 billion. These findings were broadly consistent across willingness-to-pay thresholds, epidemiologic settings, and model input distributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite high initial costs, routine and campaign typhoid vaccination in India could substantially reduce mortality and was highly cost-effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:12:52Z","timestamp":1616112772000},"page":"S612-S624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparison of Strategies for Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in India: A Cost-Effectiveness Modeling 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India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D","family":"Goldhaber-Fiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Health Policy, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine and the Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford, California, 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