{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:39Z","timestamp":1790671239304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI067678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI067678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL130126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54-CA156733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54-CA156733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P30CA016086-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30CA016086-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 P30 ES010126-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 P30 ES010126-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chlamydia trachomatis-genital infection in women can be modeled in mice using Chlamydia muridarum. Using this model, it has been shown that the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1 and interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1 lead to irreversible tissue damage in the oviducts. In this study, we investigated the contribution of TNF\u03b1 on IL-1\u03b1 synthesis in infected epithelial cells. We show that C muridarum infection enhanced TNF\u03b1-induced IL-1\u03b1 expression and release in a mouse epithelial cell line. In addition to IL-1\u03b1, several TNF\u03b1-induced inflammatory genes were also highly induced, and infection enhanced TNF-induced cell death. In the mouse model of genital infection, oviducts from mice lacking the TNF\u03b1 receptor displayed minimal staining for IL-1\u03b1 compared with wild-type oviducts. Our results suggest TNF\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b1 enhance each other\u2019s downstream effects resulting in a hyperinflammatory response to chlamydial infection. We propose that biologics targeting TNF-induced IL-1\u03b1 synthesis could be used to mitigate tissue damage during chlamydial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T04:13:06Z","timestamp":1616645586000},"page":"S47-S55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Interleukin-1 Alpha Synthesis and Cell Death Is Increased in Mouse Epithelial Cells Infected With <i>Chlamydia muridarum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uma M","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 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