{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:48:53Z","timestamp":1793634533029,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christian Medical College Vellore Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1159351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1159351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in India. Recently, the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India program completed a multisite surveillance study. However, data on subnational variation in typhoid fever are needed to guide the introduction of the new typhoid conjugate vaccine in India.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We applied a geospatial statistical model to estimate typhoid fever incidence across India, using data from 4 cohort studies and 6 hybrid surveillance sites from October 2017 to March 2020. We collected geocoded data from the Demographic and Health Survey in India as predictors of typhoid fever incidence. We used a log linear regression model to predict a primary outcome of typhoid incidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We estimated a national incidence of typhoid fever in India of 360 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 297\u2013494) per 100 000 person-years, with an annual estimate of 4.5 million cases (95% CI, 3.7\u20136.1 million) and 8930 deaths (95% CI, 7360\u201312 260), assuming a 0.2% case-fatality rate. We found substantial geographic variation of typhoid incidence across the country, with higher incidence in southwestern states and urban centers in the north.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a large burden of typhoid fever in India with substantial heterogeneity across the country, with higher burden in urban centers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T11:09:54Z","timestamp":1617275394000},"page":"S475-S483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Geographic Pattern of Typhoid Fever in India: A Model-Based Estimate of Cohort and Surveillance Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjia","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun S","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramanujam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7247-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reshma","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swathi","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Ryckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Raghava","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3654-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan C","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030311115717300_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2022030311115717300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2022030311115717300_CIT0003","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid 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