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It remains elusive how HIV-1\/HTLV-1 coinfection is related to such characteristics. We investigated the mutual effect of HIV-1\/HTLV-1 coinfection on their integration sites (ISs) and clonal expansion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We extracted DNA from longitudinal peripheral blood samples from 7 HIV-1\/HTLV-1 coinfected, and 12 HIV-1 and 13 HTLV-1 monoinfected individuals. Proviral loads (PVL) were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Viral ISs and clonality were quantified by ligation-mediated PCR followed by high-throughput sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PVL of both HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in coinfected individuals was significantly higher than that of the respective virus in monoinfected individuals. The degree of oligoclonality of both HIV-1\u2013 and HTLV-1\u2013infected cells in coinfected individuals was also greater than in monoinfected subjects. ISs of HIV-1 in cases of coinfection were more frequently located in intergenic regions and transcriptionally silent regions, compared with HIV-1 monoinfected individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-1\/HTLV-1 coinfection makes an impact on the distribution of viral ISs and clonality of virus-infected cells and thus may alter the risks of both HTLV-1\u2013 and HIV-1\u2013associated disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T11:06:59Z","timestamp":1618139219000},"page":"317-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clonality of HIV-1\u2013 and HTLV-1\u2013Infected Cells in Naturally Coinfected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Hiroo","family":"Katsuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy B M","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aileen G","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaki","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"},{"name":"International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Miyakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotomo","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzo","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R M","family":"Bangham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga 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