{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:19:18Z","timestamp":1791933558751,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI134990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI134990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum malaria dominates throughout sub-Saharan Africa, but the prevalence of Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale spp., and Plasmodium vivax increasingly contribute to infection in countries that control malaria using P. falciparum-specific diagnostic and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on 2987 dried blood spots from the 2015\u20132016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to identify presence and distribution of nonfalciparum infection. Bivariate models were used to determine species-specific associations with demographic and environmental risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonfalciparum infections had broad spatial distributions. Weighted prevalence was 0.025 (SE, 0.004) for P. malariae, 0.097 (SE, 0.008) for P. ovale spp., and 0.001 (SE, 0.0005) for P. vivax. Most infections (85.6%) had low-density parasitemias\u2005\u2264\u200510 parasites\/\u00b5L, and 66.7% of P. malariae, 34.6% of P. ovale spp., and 40.0% of P. vivax infections were coinfected with P. falciparum. Risk factors for P. malariae were like those known for P. falciparum; however, there were few risk factors recognized for P. ovale spp. and P. vivax, perhaps due to the potential for relapsing episodes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of any nonfalciparum infection was 11.7%, with infections distributed across Malawi. Continued monitoring of Plasmodium spp. becomes critical as nonfalciparum infections become important sources of ongoing transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T19:13:00Z","timestamp":1625771580000},"page":"257-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Occurrence and Distribution of Nonfalciparum Malaria Parasite Species Among Adolescents and Adults in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Austin","family":"Gumbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillary M","family":"Topazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Mwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedar L","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Puerto-Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Njiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kayange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mwalilino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National HIV Reference Laboratory, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Mvula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National HIV Reference Laboratory, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Tegha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tisungane","family":"Mvalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011804283523400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3050-1","article-title":"Consultative meeting that examined alignment and discrepancies between health facility and household survey data in Malawi","volume":"18","author":"Battle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2022011804283523400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30875\/7e6f8c91-en","volume-title":"World malaria report 2019","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022011804283523400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9","article-title":"Malaria (Plasmodium species)","volume-title":"Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. 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