{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T07:35:26Z","timestamp":1771054526087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015383","name":"Foundation for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Inactive carrier phases in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection present minimal liver disease and HBV replication activity suggesting partial immune reconstitution, although the mechanisms responsible remain elusive. Moreover, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) production\u2014hypothesized to modulate the immune response\u2014is unaltered. In the current study, we assessed the intrahepatic transcriptome in inactive carriers of HBV versus healthy liver donors, including in the context of diverse HBsAg levels (serum and liver), to better understand the phenomenon of immune control. We found a deregulated liver transcriptome in inactive carriers compared with healthy controls, despite normal liver function. Moreover, diverse HBsAg levels have minimal impact on the liver transcriptome in inactive carriers, although gene correlation analysis revealed that leukocyte activation, recruitment, and innate responses genes were correlated with liver HBsAg levels. These findings provide more insight into the mechanisms underlying anti-HBV strategies currently under development, aimed at interfering with HBsAg production or inducing a state of immune control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T19:08:07Z","timestamp":1626548887000},"page":"1081-1090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transcriptomic Analysis of Livers of Inactive Carriers of Hepatitis B Virus With Distinct Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Noe","family":"Rico Montanari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Van Buuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry P P","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Doukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose D","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Becket","family":"Feierbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Boonstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the 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