{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:26:01Z","timestamp":1756383961349},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christian Medical College Vellore Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Enteric fever continues to impact millions of people who lack adequate access to clean water and sanitation. The typhoid and paratyphoid fever burden in South Asia is broadly acknowledged, but current estimates of incidence, severity, and cost of illness from India are lacking. This supplement addresses this gap in our knowledge, presenting findings from two years of surveillance, conducted at multiple sites between October 2017 and February 2020, in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. Results provide contemporaneous evidence of high disease burden and cost of illness\u2014the latter borne largely by patients in the absence of universal healthcare coverage in India. Against a backdrop of immediate priorities in the COVID-19 pandemic, these data are a reminder that typhoid, though often forgotten, remains a public health problem in India. Typhoid conjugate vaccines, produced by multiple Indian manufacturers, and recommended for use in high burden settings, ensure that the tools to tackle typhoid are an immediately available solution to this public health problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:17:50Z","timestamp":1631099870000},"page":"S469-S474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Typhoid in India: An Age-old Problem With an Existing Solution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Supriya","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj Shankar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arindam","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India Country Office, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Vannice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calman","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Shewchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Delivery Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32178-X","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"388","author":"Barnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1108.421","article-title":"Eberth\u2019s typhoid bacillus","volume":"1","author":"Coats","year":"1882","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz610","article-title":"Water and filth: reevaluating the first era of sanitary typhoid intervention (1840\u20131940)","volume":"69","author":"Vanderslott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2005.0002","article-title":"The role of public health improvements in health advances: the twentieth-century United States","volume":"42","author":"Cutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-289","article-title":"Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India","volume":"7","author":"Sur","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09001-1","article-title":"Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years","volume":"354","author":"Sinha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004616","article-title":"The burden of typhoid and paratyphoid in India: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa367","article-title":"The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa (SETA), Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI), and Strategic Typhoid Alliance Across Africa and Asia (STRATAA) population-based enteric fever studies: a review of methodological similarities and differences","volume":"71(Supplement 2)","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5498-2","article-title":"Estimating the incidence of enteric fever in children in India: a multi-site, active fever surveillance of pediatric cohorts","volume":"18","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0012","article-title":"Incidence of enteric fever in a child cohort in North India: comparison with estimates from 20 years earlier","author":"Rongsen-Chandola","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0013","article-title":"Case fatality ratio of enteric fever: estimates from multi-tiered surveillance in India","author":"Samuel","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0014","article-title":"Ileal perforation and enteric fever: implications for burden of disease estimation","author":"Krishna","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.030","article-title":"Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Marchello","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0016","article-title":"Evaluation of AMR in S Typhi and S Paratyphi A: presenting the current scenario in India and strategy for future management","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0139","article-title":"longitudinal typhoid fever trends in India from 2000 to 2015","volume":"99","author":"Balaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1773","article-title":"Spontaneous emergence of azithromycin resistance in independent lineages of Salmonella Typhi in Northern India","volume":"72","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.203874","article-title":"Azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi AcrB-R717Q\/L, Singapore","volume":"27","author":"Octavia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0020","article-title":"Antibiotics for fever among children: findings from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) cohorts","author":"Karthikeyan","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00105-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1803926","article-title":"Extensively drug-resistant typhoid\u2014are conjugate vaccines arriving just in time?","volume":"379","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1323","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal Salmonella: surveillance for enteric fever in Asia project, 2016\u20132019","volume":"71","author":"Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007868","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of azithromycin resistance among typhoidal Salmonella strains in Bangladesh identified through passive pediatric surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Hooda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0025","article-title":"Hospitalization rates and associated direct medical costs for fever in a pediatric cohort in South India","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0026","first-page":"304","article-title":"Costs of illness due to typhoid fever in an Indian urban slum community: implications for vaccination policy","volume":"22","author":"Bahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0027","article-title":"Cost of illness due to severe enteric fever in India","author":"Kumar","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0028","article-title":"Environmental transmission of typhoid fever in Vellore, South India, during 2018 to 2019: a case-control study","author":"Giri","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0029","article-title":"Salmonella Typhi shedding and household transmission by children with blood culture confirmed typhoid fever in Vellore, South India","author":"Srinivasan","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0030","article-title":"Healthcare utilisation survey as part of the Hybrid model of the Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) study: processes, results, and challenges","author":"Raju","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0031","article-title":"Factors predicting the blood culture positivity in children with enteric fever","author":"Srinivasan","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0032","first-page":"257","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"75","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0033","first-page":"49","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"83","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0034","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171801","article-title":"Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi. a preliminary report","volume":"317","author":"Acharya","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00186-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate of protection of Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization","volume":"14","author":"Klugman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0037","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(Supplement_2)","key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa342","article-title":"Gavi support for typhoid conjugate vaccines: moving from global investments to country introduction","volume":"71","author":"Soble","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0039","volume-title":"Typhoid vaccine prequalified","author":"World","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104263441701","article-title":"The efficacy of a Salmonella Typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children","volume":"344","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200310023491423","article-title":"Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children","volume":"349","author":"Lanh","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"(Supplement_1)","key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy884","article-title":"Overview of the typhoid conjugate vaccine pipeline: current status and future plans","volume":"68","author":"Sahastrabuddhe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1117715","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated typhoid vaccine (PedaTyph\u2122) in Indian children: school based cluster randomized study","volume":"12","author":"Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ295","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV) in healthy infants, children, and adults in typhoid endemic areas: a multicenter, 2-cohort, open-label, double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 study","volume":"61","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-020-1890-y","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy Indian subjects: a randomized, active-controlled, comparative clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0046","author":"Take on Typhoid.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32149-9","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"390","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa597","article-title":"Decision making and implementation of the first public sector introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine\u2014Navi Mumbai, India, 2018","volume":"71","author":"Date","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0049","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccine: WHO position paper\u2014March 2018","volume":"93","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0050","article-title":"Evaluation of vaccine safety after the first public sector introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine\u2014Navi Mumbai, India, 2018","author":"Longley","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905047","article-title":"Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal","volume":"381","author":"Shakya","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0052","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a typhoid conjugate vaccine in malawian children","volume":"385","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Massachusetts Medical Society;"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0053","author":"Sirima","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0054","author":"Date","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0055","article-title":"Comparison of strategies for typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction in India: a cost-effectiveness modeling study","author":"Ryckman","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022030311112583600_CIT0056","article-title":"Geographic pattern of typhoid fever in India: a model-based estimate of cohort and surveillance data","author":"Cao","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/224\/Supplement_5\/S469\/41245726\/jiab441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/224\/Supplement_5\/S469\/41245726\/jiab441.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T11:26:21Z","timestamp":1646306781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/224\/Supplement_5\/S469\/6433805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}}}